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Author: Cody Edward Garrison Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 185
Book Description
Microbial community composition and functional potential can be affected by human-derived environmental changes during the Anthropocene with important consequences for elemental cycling and whole ecosystem processes. This study tested the hypothesis that environmental changes impact microbial communities across different spatial and temporal scales. The main objectives of this study were to determine 1) biocorrosion-causing organism colonization and abundance on man-made steel structures, 2) the identity and function of a core microbiome across steel microbial communities, and 3) the response of coastal microbial communities to extreme hurricane disturbance events. Steel microbiomes represent microbial responses to environmental disturbance (i.e., introduction of a novel substrate and surface environment) on small spatial scales but long temporal scales. Conversely, microbial responses to extreme storm events provide insight into disturbances affecting large spatial scales but short temporal scales. Stainless steel (304 and 316) deployments along salinity gradients in two North Carolina estuarine river systems resulted in increased colonization of iron-oxidizing bacteria on more-corrosion-resistant stainless steel (316) and at higher salinities. A novel iron-oxidizer species Mariprofundus erugo was isolated and sequenced, revealing genes for molybdenum utilization and reactive oxygen species protection, which may represent adaptations towards advanced steel types. Comparisons of microbial communities across stainless steel and historic ferrous-hulled shipwreck steel in the Pamlico Sound, NC revealed a "core steel microbiome" of heterotrophic generalists that likely play important roles in biofilm protection and functional stability for biocorrosion communities. Shifting scales, extreme hurricane events were correlated with changes in total (DNA) and active (RNA) coastal bacterial but not archaeal communities, and in the water column but not in sediments. Offshore marine sites exhibited decreased community diversity and evenness and increased abundance of copiotrophs. Hurricanes were also correlated with increased putative function of pathogenic taxa (i.e., Prevotella and Legionella) and lignin-degrading taxa, likely causing decreased water quality and increased bacterial production. These environmental disturbances across different spatial and temporal scales show that microbial communities are constantly responding and adapting to survive. Microbial communities have shown to be extremely resilient to Anthropocene conditions, and the microbial responses in this study can be applied to better understand future global change scenarios.
Author: Cody Edward Garrison Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 185
Book Description
Microbial community composition and functional potential can be affected by human-derived environmental changes during the Anthropocene with important consequences for elemental cycling and whole ecosystem processes. This study tested the hypothesis that environmental changes impact microbial communities across different spatial and temporal scales. The main objectives of this study were to determine 1) biocorrosion-causing organism colonization and abundance on man-made steel structures, 2) the identity and function of a core microbiome across steel microbial communities, and 3) the response of coastal microbial communities to extreme hurricane disturbance events. Steel microbiomes represent microbial responses to environmental disturbance (i.e., introduction of a novel substrate and surface environment) on small spatial scales but long temporal scales. Conversely, microbial responses to extreme storm events provide insight into disturbances affecting large spatial scales but short temporal scales. Stainless steel (304 and 316) deployments along salinity gradients in two North Carolina estuarine river systems resulted in increased colonization of iron-oxidizing bacteria on more-corrosion-resistant stainless steel (316) and at higher salinities. A novel iron-oxidizer species Mariprofundus erugo was isolated and sequenced, revealing genes for molybdenum utilization and reactive oxygen species protection, which may represent adaptations towards advanced steel types. Comparisons of microbial communities across stainless steel and historic ferrous-hulled shipwreck steel in the Pamlico Sound, NC revealed a "core steel microbiome" of heterotrophic generalists that likely play important roles in biofilm protection and functional stability for biocorrosion communities. Shifting scales, extreme hurricane events were correlated with changes in total (DNA) and active (RNA) coastal bacterial but not archaeal communities, and in the water column but not in sediments. Offshore marine sites exhibited decreased community diversity and evenness and increased abundance of copiotrophs. Hurricanes were also correlated with increased putative function of pathogenic taxa (i.e., Prevotella and Legionella) and lignin-degrading taxa, likely causing decreased water quality and increased bacterial production. These environmental disturbances across different spatial and temporal scales show that microbial communities are constantly responding and adapting to survive. Microbial communities have shown to be extremely resilient to Anthropocene conditions, and the microbial responses in this study can be applied to better understand future global change scenarios.
Author: Susanne Liebner Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG ISBN: 3110497085 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 285
Book Description
The cryosphere stands for environments where water appears in a frozen form. It includes permafrost, glaciers, ice sheets, and sea ice and is currently more affected by Global Change than most other regions of the Earth. In the cryosphere, limited water availability and subzero temperatures cause extreme conditions for all kind of life which microorganisms can cope with extremely well. The cryosphere’s microbiota displays an unexpectedly large genetic potential, and taxonomic as well as functional diversity which, however, we still only begin to map. Also, microbial communities influence reaction patterns of the cryosphere towards Global Change. Altered patterns of seasonal temperature fluctuations and precipitation are expected in the Arctic and will affect the microbial turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Activation of nutrients by thawing and increased active layer thickness as well as erosion renders nutrient stocks accessible to microbial activities. Also, glacier melt and retreat stimulate microbial life in turn influencing albedo and surface temperatures. In this context, the functional resilience of microbial communities in the cryosphere is of major interest. Particularly important is the ability of microorganisms and microbial communities to respond to changes in their surroundings by intracellular regulation and population shifts within functional niches, respectively. Research on microbial life exposed to permanent freeze or seasonal freeze-thaw cycles has led to astonishing findings about microbial versatility, adaptation, and diversity. Microorganisms thrive in cold habitats and new sequencing techniques have produced large amounts of genomic, metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic data that allow insights into the fascinating microbial ecology and physiology at low and subzero temperatures. Moreover, some of the frozen ecosystems such as permafrost constitute major global carbon and nitrogen storages, but can also act as sources of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide. In this book we summarize state of the art knowledge on whether environmental changes are met by a flexible microbial community retaining its function, or if the altered conditions also render the community in a state of altered properties that affect the Earth’s element cycles and climate. This book brings together research on the cryosphere’s microbiota including permafrost, glaciers, and sea ice in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Different spatial scales and levels of complexity are considered, spanning from ecosystem level to pure culture studies of model microbes in the laboratory. It aims to attract a wide range of parties with interest in the effect of climate change and/or low temperatures on microbial nutrient cycling and physiology.
Author: Kristin L. Matulich Publisher: ISBN: 9781321964585 Category : Languages : en Pages : 108
Book Description
A central goal of global change biology is to predict the impact of environmental change on ecosystem processes. Currently, most global change models treat the local microbial community as a single, homogenously functioning entity, thereby assuming that the specific microbial composition is functionally irrelevant. However, microorganisms perform key transformations in ecosystems, and recent research demonstrates that microbial communities vary greatly across space and in response to environmental change. Therefore, parameters describing microbial communities may be key for improving predictions of how future global changes will impact ecosystem processes. For this reason, my dissertation research examined the effect of environmental changes on resident communities and determined how potential shifts in microbial community composition will impact litter decomposition rates. To accomplish this, I gathered litter samples from a chaparral ecosystem undergoing global change manipulations (elevated nitrogen availability or reduced precipitation), and characterized the microbial community using 454 high-throughput sequencing (Chapter 1). While microbial communities are much more variable through time, this research showed that microbial composition will likely shift in response to environmental change. I also examined the role of microbial community composition for a key ecosystem process, litter decomposition, and how that role changes under environmental perturbations. By isolating microbial taxa from the same ecosystem discussed above, I constructed artificial microbial communities with varying composition. I then conducted a laboratory experiment in which I subjected the communities to different global change manipulations and monitored decomposition rates and community composition (Chapter 2). Microbial composition had a main effect on leaf litter decomposition and also interacted with the environmental treatment, suggesting that future shifts in microbial communities will influence the magnitude in which environmental change affects ecosystem processes. Lastly, I investigated the functional and response traits of individual microbial taxa to better predict how microbial communities might respond to global change perturbations, and found that many functional traits displayed a phylogenetic pattern, but a taxa's response to increased temperature did not (Chapter 3). Ultimately, this set of studies further justifies the need to incorporate microbial communities into models and begins to identify which parameters might be most relevant.
Author: Javid A. Parray Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 100041003X Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 328
Book Description
This book provides an enlightening picture of the role of microbes for sustaining life systems and how climatic factors will change the course of the processes. Climate Change and Microbes: Impacts and Vulnerability explores the little-addressed issue of the effects of climate change on microbial ecosystems and the influence of climate change on microbiome diversity across various habitats and regions. Recent years have seen the evidence that microbial communities are neither immune to disruption nor do they have the capacity to recover completely after a stressful climate event. This volume documents the important role of microorganisms as climate engineers and considers mitigation and adaptation strategies as well. It goes on to present the research that addresses a diverse array of topics on the impact of climate change on plant-microbe interactions and microbial aquatic life and change-induced aggravations in microbial populations and processes. The book also addresses microbial foodborne diseases resulting from challenging climates. Other topics include algae as indicators of climate change and strategies for facilitating sustainable agro-ecosystems. This book will be immensely helpful in the study of plant microbiology, agricultural sciences, biotechnology, climate science, and environmental microbiology. It will also be applicable to the field of microbial biotechnology, agricultural, and other life and environmental sciences.
Author: Jürgen Marxsen Publisher: Caister Academic Press Limited ISBN: 9781910190319 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The distribution and function of microorganisms are of crucial importance for the flow of matter in the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Effects of microbial communities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles are particularly important for producing climate gases such as CO2, CH4, or N2O. However, the biogeochemical cycles are reversely impacted by global climate change, for example by increasing temperature, increasing CO2 concentration, or changing soil humidity. However microbes may respond differently, by accelerating or by alleviating, human-caused climate change. Understanding of microbial ecology in the different ecosystems on Earth, such as soil, oceans, or inland waters, is essential for our ability to assess the importance of biogeochemical cycles-climate feedbacks. Unfortunately, microbial communities are extremely complex in structure and function and can be affected by climate and other global changes in many ways, which impedes our ability to draw reliable conclusions. In this book, a broad range of renowned scientists reviews the most important hot-topics in the area of climate change and microbial ecology, thus providing a timely and authoritative overview of this increasingly important area. Individual chapters cover the various ecosystems on Earth as well as the different groups of microorganisms with respect to different cycles of matter. In addition, special chapters cover applied aspects, such as land-use and geoengineering. This is an essential book for every microbial ecologist from the PhD student to the experienced scientist and is also recommended for everyone interested in the field of global climate change. [Subject: Microbiology, Climate Change, Microbial Ecology]
Author: Melissa Ann Cregger Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
Understanding the effects climate change will have on the structure and function of global ecosystems is a pressing ecological and social issue. Global change driven changes in atmospheric warming and precipitation régimes have begun to alter the distribution of plants and animals in, as well as the function of, ecosystems. Using two large-scale climate change manipulations, I assessed the effect of changing precipitation and temperature regimes on soil microbial community structure and function. Soil microbial communities regulate decomposition and nutrient cycling rates in ecosystems, thus understanding their response to climatic changes will enable scientists to better predict carbon feedbacks to the atmosphere as well as functional shifts within ecosystems. My first two chapters took advantage of a large-scale precipitation manipulation in a semi-arid woodland. My first chapter aimed to understand how changing precipitation amounts altered the structure and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi; while my second chapter measured how changing precipitation altered soil nitrogen cycling. Overall, I found that soil microbial community composition and function were responsive to changes in precipitation, but these responses were contingent upon seasonal variability in precipitation and the aboveground plant community. My final experiment examined how changing temperature altered soil microbial community structure and function in two temperate forests. Using a large scale warming experiment at two locations, I examined how changes in temperature altered microbial composition, abundance, potential enzyme activity, and decomposition. I found that the effects of warming were contingent upon location; microbial community composition responded to alterations in soil temperature and soil moisture at the warmer site, but not at the cooler site. Unexpectedly, the change in microbial community composition did not result in changes in the rate of decomposition. I conclude that the soil is relatively buffered from atmospheric warming thus changes in microbial community structure and function may take longer than a few years to develop. Taken together, my research demonstrates that understanding the effects of climate change on microbial community structure and function is complex and contingent upon the background abiotic and biotic variability within an ecosystem.
Author: Clare Isabel Abreu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 166
Book Description
Microbial communities are crucial to the health of all ecosystems, and their vast diversity constitutes the majority of species on Earth. A single sample of such a community immediately reveals its complexity, but simultaneously the challenges to understanding its form and function. First, a sample provides a snapshot of a community's current state, but fails to explain how hundreds to thousands of species might emerge and remain together. Second, microbial communities are in constant flux, with species abundances changing in response to biotic interactions with each other as well as abiotic environmental conditions, making it difficult to surmise which forces drive community dynamics. In this thesis, I describe the "bottom-up" approach my colleagues and I use to build microbial communities in the laboratory. By using tractable experimental microcosms and tuning particular abiotic parameters while holding others constant, we discover the effects of environmental changes on community structure. Furthermore, we find that we can verify simple theoretical predictions about how the environment changes interactions and, by extension, community composition. We employ and modify a simple phenomenological model, the Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model, to make predictions about the effects of increasing mortality, increasing temperature, and environmental fluctuations. We verify these predictions with a diverse set of bacterial species engaged in pairwise competition, and use these pairwise results to successfully predict the outcomes of communities of three or more species. Despite the fact that we knew little about the species other than simple attributes such as their growth rates, the model was generally successful, indicating universal behaviors in response to environmental changes. Our results can provide intuition for experimentalists in tuning laboratory conditions, as well as to scientists studying the effect of the environment on field communities.
Author: John S. Dryzek Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0192537458 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 209
Book Description
The Politics of the Anthropocene is a sophisticated yet accessible treatment of how human institutions, practices, and principles need to be re-thought in response to the challenges of the Anthropocene, the emerging epoch of human-induced instability in the Earth system and its life-support capacities. However, the world remains stuck with practices and modes of thinking that were developed in the Holocene - the epoch of around 12,000 years of unusual stability in the Earth system, toward the end of which modern institutions such as states and capitalist markets arose. These institutions persist despite their potentially catastrophic failure to respond to the challenges of the Anthropocene, foremost among them a rapidly changing climate and accelerating biodiversity loss. The pathological trajectories of these institutions need to be disrupted by advancing ecological reflexivity: the capacity of structures, systems, and sets of ideas to question their own core commitments, and if necessary change themselves, while listening and responding effectively to signals from the Earth system. This book envisages a world in which humans are no longer estranged from the Earth system but engage with it in a more productive relationship. We can still pursue democracy, social justice, and sustainability - but not as before. In future, all politics should be first and foremost a politics of the Anthropocene. The arguments are developed in the context of issues such as climate change, biodiversity, and global efforts to address sustainability.
Author: Jeremy B. Jones Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0124059198 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 566
Book Description
Stream Ecosystems in a Changing Environment synthesizes the current understanding of stream ecosystem ecology, emphasizing nutrient cycling and carbon dynamics, and providing a forward-looking perspective regarding the response of stream ecosystems to environmental change. Each chapter includes a section focusing on anticipated and ongoing dynamics in stream ecosystems in a changing environment, along with hypotheses regarding controls on stream ecosystem functioning. The book, with its innovative sections, provides a bridge between papers published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and the findings of researchers in new areas of study. - Presents a forward-looking perspective regarding the response of stream ecosystems to environmental change - Provides a synthesis of the latest findings on stream ecosystems ecology in one concise volume - Includes thought exercises and discussion activities throughout, providing valuable tools for learning - Offers conceptual models and hypotheses to stimulate conversation and advance research
Author: Cody Edward Garrison
Author: Cody Edward Garrison
Author: Sarah Rose Carrino-Kyker
Author: Susanne Liebner
Author: Kristin L. Matulich
Author: Javid A. Parray
Author: Jürgen Marxsen
Author: Melissa Ann Cregger
Author: Clare Isabel Abreu
Author: John S. Dryzek
Author: Jeremy B. Jones