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Author: Christopher Lee Koehler Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 175
Book Description
Aging is a degenerative process characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage that results in altered tissue homeostasis, organ function, and, ultimately, death. Tissues with the potential for regeneration (muscle) or that undergo cellular turnover (intestine, blood, skin) rely on populations of adult stem or progenitor cells to divide and replace damaged cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. One hallmark of aging is reduced stem cell function, which can lead to decreased tissue homeostasis. The exact mechanisms for aging are still unclear, but recent evidence suggests an important role for adult stem cells in organismal aging. Current reports indicate that alterations in adult stem cell function via changes in stem cell metabolism can have widespread effects on tissue homeostasis and aging. Thanks to its relatively short lifespan and amenability to genetic manipulations, the model organism Drosophila melanogaster provides a convenient system to study the interaction between somatic stem cell metabolism and aging. A recently discovered population of intestinal stem cells in Drosophila bears many similarities to the stem cells of the mammalian small intestine. Genetic tractability, a simple cell lineage, and conserved pathways that regulate stem cell behavior combine to make the Drosophila midgut epithelium a powerful model system for the study of stem cell regulation and tissue homeostasis. Here, we show that increased mitochondrial biogenesis or enhanced electron transport chain function in the intestinal stem cells results in increased tissue homeostasis, a delay in age-related midgut phenotypes, and increased lifespan. This prompted us to study the roles of mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, movement, and turnover) on intestinal stem cell function. We demonstrate that loss of either of two, mitophagy-related genes, pink1 or parkin, in Drosophila ISCs leads to: severe alterations in mitochondrial structure, nearly complete inhibition of stem cell proliferation during aging or stress, and the appearance of senescence-associated markers within the ISCs.
Author: Christopher Lee Koehler Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 175
Book Description
Aging is a degenerative process characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage that results in altered tissue homeostasis, organ function, and, ultimately, death. Tissues with the potential for regeneration (muscle) or that undergo cellular turnover (intestine, blood, skin) rely on populations of adult stem or progenitor cells to divide and replace damaged cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. One hallmark of aging is reduced stem cell function, which can lead to decreased tissue homeostasis. The exact mechanisms for aging are still unclear, but recent evidence suggests an important role for adult stem cells in organismal aging. Current reports indicate that alterations in adult stem cell function via changes in stem cell metabolism can have widespread effects on tissue homeostasis and aging. Thanks to its relatively short lifespan and amenability to genetic manipulations, the model organism Drosophila melanogaster provides a convenient system to study the interaction between somatic stem cell metabolism and aging. A recently discovered population of intestinal stem cells in Drosophila bears many similarities to the stem cells of the mammalian small intestine. Genetic tractability, a simple cell lineage, and conserved pathways that regulate stem cell behavior combine to make the Drosophila midgut epithelium a powerful model system for the study of stem cell regulation and tissue homeostasis. Here, we show that increased mitochondrial biogenesis or enhanced electron transport chain function in the intestinal stem cells results in increased tissue homeostasis, a delay in age-related midgut phenotypes, and increased lifespan. This prompted us to study the roles of mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, movement, and turnover) on intestinal stem cell function. We demonstrate that loss of either of two, mitophagy-related genes, pink1 or parkin, in Drosophila ISCs leads to: severe alterations in mitochondrial structure, nearly complete inhibition of stem cell proliferation during aging or stress, and the appearance of senescence-associated markers within the ISCs.
Author: Steven X. Hou Publisher: Humana Press ISBN: 9781617378805 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In this comprehensive and cutting-edge book, leading experts explore the parameters that define germline stem cells and the mechanisms that regulate the cell behavior in order to better isolate, characterize and maintain them. The volume begins by providing protocols for germline stem cell identification and regulation in model organisms, and concludes with detailed chapters covering current techniques involving in vitro culture and the applications of the cells.
Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 9780128134818 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 150
Book Description
Advances in Stem Cells and Their Niches addresses stem cells during development, homeostasis, and disease/injury of the respective organs, presenting new developments in the field, including new data on disease and clinical applications. Video content illustrates such areas as protocols, transplantation techniques, and work with mice. Explores not only reviews of research, but also shares methods, protocols, and transplantation techniques Contains video content to illustrate such areas as protocols, transplantation techniques, and work with mice Each volume concentrates on one organ, making this a unique publication
Author: Hartmut Geiger Publisher: Springer ISBN: 370911232X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 357
Book Description
Aging of somatic stem cells reduces cell function and results in dysfunctional organs and tissues, making it an underlying cause of diseases associated with aging. It might even be the primary cause for age-associated attrition of tissue function in organs that heavily rely on stem cells for maintaining homeostasis, like the skin, blood and intestines. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved is critical for developing approaches to attenuate stem cell aging and could pave the way for improved quality of life among the elderly. Written by highly prominent experts in the field, this book presents the current state of knowledge on these mechanisms. It offers insights into stem cell function, explains in detail the mechanisms of stem cell aging in model organisms as well as mammalian systems and describes related diseases and approaches to attenuating stem cell aging or achieving rejuvenation. The book is intended for all scientists and clinicians working with stem cells, aging mechanisms or age-related diseases.
Author: Jesse Simons Publisher: ISBN: Category : Homeostasis Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The field of medicine research is embroiled in a battle against aging. Particular focus is on the extension of lifespan and health-span. Lifespan duration is affected by many factors, one of which is the maintenance of the intestines of the organism. Homeostasis of the intestines is controlled by the regulation of intestine cell apoptosis and intestine cell proliferation. My research explores the role of two protein subunits found in a complex which may have possible functions in the regulation of these processes. The overall complex is formed from six subunit proteins, some of which are known to assist in other cellular functions including cytoskeleton assembly, proteostasis, gene regulation, and DNA repair. However, the role these subunits play in maintaining intestinal homeostasis is currently unknown. Nor is it known if the expression of these proteins varies in different cell types. My hypothesis was that loss of these subunits would increase intestinal permeability, resulting in a loss of longevity. Downregulation of these these subunits would result in novel activation of established pathways to increase permeability. The model organism, Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), has complex anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics, a relatively short lifespan, established intestinal stem cell lineage, and powerful genetic tools that allow the rapid understanding of the function of these subunits in the gut. My results show that gut-specific Down Regulation of the proteins increases gut permeability, negatively changes intestinal stem cell proliferation, and regulates longevity in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. My results further elucidate the nature of proteins' effects on the extension or abrogation of lifespan, and contribute to research on these proteins in complex organisms.
Author: Kazuya Kobayashi Publisher: Springer ISBN: 4431566090 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 783
Book Description
This book provides new insights into the universality of biological systems in animal reproduction and development by a comparative study of a variety of mechanisms in animals ranging from basal invertebrates to vertebrates, including mammals. Animals accomplish genetic diversity through meiosis and fertilization, and during embryogenesis animals must produce specialized cell types, including germ cells, in accordance with their individual body plan. This series of phenomena is essential to the continuity of life in the animal kingdom, and animals show various reproductive and developmental strategies. This volume, comprising four parts, reviews animal kingdom diversity, including reproductive strategies and germ cell differentiation mechanisms (Part 1), sex determination and differentiation (Part2), the mechanisms of fertilization (Part 3), and body axis formation (Part 4). Readers will find descriptions of the reproduction or development of 180 species, 13 phyla, 35 classes, 74 orders, 117 families, and 151 genera in this book. Of particular interest is the diversity of molecules and mechanisms used to achieve the same biological purpose in different animals. Undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scientists who want a deeper understanding of animal reproductive and developmental mechanisms will find this book to be of great value.
Author: Gary Hime Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400766211 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 370
Book Description
This volume describes the latest findings on transcriptional and translational regulation of stem cells. Both transcriptional activators and repressors have been shown to be crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell state. A key element of stem cell maintenance is repression of differentiation factors or developmental genes – achieved transcriptionally, epigenetically by the Polycomb complex, and post-transcriptionally by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. This volume takes two approaches to this topic – (1) illustrating the general principles outlined above through a series of different stem cell examples – embryonic, iPS and adult stem cells, and (2) describing several molecular families that have been shown to have roles in regulation of multiple stem cell populations.
Author: Wu-Min Deng Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030236293 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
This volume provides a series of review articles that capture the advances in using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, model system to address a wide range of cancer-related topics. Articles in this book provide case studies that shed light on the intricate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tumor formation and progression. Readers will discover the beauty of the fly model’s genetic simplicity and the vast arsenal of powerful genetic tools enabling its efficient and adaptable use. This model organism has provided a unique opportunity to address questions regarding cancer initiation and development that would be extremely challenging in other model systems. This book provides a useful resource for a researcher who wishes to learn about and apply the Drosophila model to tackle fundamental questions in cancer biology, and to find new ways to fight against this devastating disease.
Author: Torben Heick Jensen Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1441978410 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 161
Book Description
The diversity of RNAs inside living cells is amazing. We have known of the more “classic” RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA for some time now, but in a steady stream new types of molecules are being described as it is becoming clear that most of the genomic information of cells ends up in RNA. To deal with the enormous load of resulting RNA processing and degradation reactions, cells need adequate and efficient molecular machines. The RNA exosome is arising as a major facilitator to this effect. Structural and functional data gathered over the last decade have illustrated the biochemical importance of this multimeric complex and its many co-factors, revealing its enormous regulatory power. By gathering some of the most prominent researchers in the exosome field, it is the aim of this volume to introduce this fascinating protein complex as well as to give a timely and rich account of its many functions. The exosome was discovered more than a decade ago by Phil Mitchell and David Tollervey by its ability to trim the 3’end of yeast, S. cerevisiae, 5. 8S rRNA. In a historic account they laid out the events surrounding this identification and the subsequent birth of the research field. In the chapter by Kurt Januszyk and Christopher Lima the structural organization of eukaryotic exosomes and their evolutionary counterparts in bacteria and archaea are discussed in large part through presentation of structures.
Author: Christopher Lee Koehler
Author: Christopher Lee Koehler
Author: Steven X. Hou
Author: 
Author: Qing Lan
Author: Hartmut Geiger
Author: Jesse Simons
Author: Kazuya Kobayashi
Author: Gary Hime
Author: Wu-Min Deng
Author: Torben Heick Jensen