Author: Xiaoqin Zou
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527344098
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 472
Book Description
A guide to membrane separation based on a variety of porous materials with promising separation applications Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes offers an in-depth guide that explores microporous materials? potential for membrane applications. The authors?two experts on the topic?examine a wide range of porous materials that have application potential including: microporous silica, porous carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and porous organic frameworks (POFs). Comprehensive in scope, the book covers a broad range of topics on membrane separations such as: hydrogen recovery, carbon dioxide capture, air purification, hydrocarbon separation, pervaporation, and water treatment. In addition, this up-to-date resource explores the most recent materials for preparing microporous membranes and explores the most promising applications for industrial use. This important book: -Examines the use of microporous materials as membranes to perform with different gases and liquids -Offers an overview of the basic knowledge of membrane separation and an intense examination of separations -Describes the state-of-the-art of membrane separation with porous materials -Highlights the most promising applications of industrial interest Written for scientists working in the fields of membranes, gas and liquid, Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes offers a valuable guide to the potential of microporous materials for membrane applications.
Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes
Author: Xiaoqin Zou
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527344098
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 472
Book Description
A guide to membrane separation based on a variety of porous materials with promising separation applications Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes offers an in-depth guide that explores microporous materials? potential for membrane applications. The authors?two experts on the topic?examine a wide range of porous materials that have application potential including: microporous silica, porous carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and porous organic frameworks (POFs). Comprehensive in scope, the book covers a broad range of topics on membrane separations such as: hydrogen recovery, carbon dioxide capture, air purification, hydrocarbon separation, pervaporation, and water treatment. In addition, this up-to-date resource explores the most recent materials for preparing microporous membranes and explores the most promising applications for industrial use. This important book: -Examines the use of microporous materials as membranes to perform with different gases and liquids -Offers an overview of the basic knowledge of membrane separation and an intense examination of separations -Describes the state-of-the-art of membrane separation with porous materials -Highlights the most promising applications of industrial interest Written for scientists working in the fields of membranes, gas and liquid, Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes offers a valuable guide to the potential of microporous materials for membrane applications.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527344098
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 472
Book Description
A guide to membrane separation based on a variety of porous materials with promising separation applications Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes offers an in-depth guide that explores microporous materials? potential for membrane applications. The authors?two experts on the topic?examine a wide range of porous materials that have application potential including: microporous silica, porous carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and porous organic frameworks (POFs). Comprehensive in scope, the book covers a broad range of topics on membrane separations such as: hydrogen recovery, carbon dioxide capture, air purification, hydrocarbon separation, pervaporation, and water treatment. In addition, this up-to-date resource explores the most recent materials for preparing microporous membranes and explores the most promising applications for industrial use. This important book: -Examines the use of microporous materials as membranes to perform with different gases and liquids -Offers an overview of the basic knowledge of membrane separation and an intense examination of separations -Describes the state-of-the-art of membrane separation with porous materials -Highlights the most promising applications of industrial interest Written for scientists working in the fields of membranes, gas and liquid, Microporous Materials for Separation Membranes offers a valuable guide to the potential of microporous materials for membrane applications.
Smart Membranes and Sensors
Author: Annarosa Gugliuzza
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119028639
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 333
Book Description
This book addresses the reader to use synergistically the concepts of membranes and sensors materials. It contains insightful contributions from leading scientists working in both the fields. The focus is on the fabrication of smart membranes from sensor materials and related impact on many technologically sophisticated areas such as telemedicine, microfluidics, drug delivery targeting, (bio)separation, labs-on-a-chip, textiles, power storage and release, environment monitoring, agro-food safety, cosmetics, architecture, automotive and so on. This book covers various topics, including the choice of materials and techniques for assembling responsive membranes with ability to transport mass, energy and signals on demand; the reader will find through the book an extensive description of the best techniques used to monitor molecular scale events, which are regarded as responsible for the smartness of multifunctional objects and for the conversion of chemical signals into optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical responses. The reader is encouraged to use this cross-disciplinary discussion for his own research. Chemical, biological and physical concepts, expressed through the book, contribute to form a common language, which will allow the reader to discover causes for reflection and innovation, measuring how smart objects with desired properties can be tailored from exiting materials and used flexibly for different developed applications. Specifically: This book deals with materials smartness and suitable techniques to assemble and characterize them in sensor-like membranes. This book shows how ultra-smart functional devices can be accomplished by using traditional raw materials. This book describes particular key events, which control 'sense to react and adapt' mechanisms. The potential of sensor-like membranes in some key strategic fields is examined with particular emphasis on biomedicine, food and textiles markets. The benefits arising from the use of smart membranes are analysed in terms of life quality, safety, and innovation.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119028639
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 333
Book Description
This book addresses the reader to use synergistically the concepts of membranes and sensors materials. It contains insightful contributions from leading scientists working in both the fields. The focus is on the fabrication of smart membranes from sensor materials and related impact on many technologically sophisticated areas such as telemedicine, microfluidics, drug delivery targeting, (bio)separation, labs-on-a-chip, textiles, power storage and release, environment monitoring, agro-food safety, cosmetics, architecture, automotive and so on. This book covers various topics, including the choice of materials and techniques for assembling responsive membranes with ability to transport mass, energy and signals on demand; the reader will find through the book an extensive description of the best techniques used to monitor molecular scale events, which are regarded as responsible for the smartness of multifunctional objects and for the conversion of chemical signals into optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical responses. The reader is encouraged to use this cross-disciplinary discussion for his own research. Chemical, biological and physical concepts, expressed through the book, contribute to form a common language, which will allow the reader to discover causes for reflection and innovation, measuring how smart objects with desired properties can be tailored from exiting materials and used flexibly for different developed applications. Specifically: This book deals with materials smartness and suitable techniques to assemble and characterize them in sensor-like membranes. This book shows how ultra-smart functional devices can be accomplished by using traditional raw materials. This book describes particular key events, which control 'sense to react and adapt' mechanisms. The potential of sensor-like membranes in some key strategic fields is examined with particular emphasis on biomedicine, food and textiles markets. The benefits arising from the use of smart membranes are analysed in terms of life quality, safety, and innovation.
Membrane Processes in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutics
Author: Catherine Charcosset
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444563342
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 349
Book Description
Chapter 1: Principles on membrane and membrane processes -- Chapter 2: Ultrafiltration -- Chapter 3: Microfiltration -- Chapter 4: Virus Filtration -- Chapter 5: Membrane chromatography -- Chapter 6: Membranes for the Preparation of Emulsions and Particles -- Chapter 7: Other Membrane Processes -- Chapter 8: Some Perspectives.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444563342
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 349
Book Description
Chapter 1: Principles on membrane and membrane processes -- Chapter 2: Ultrafiltration -- Chapter 3: Microfiltration -- Chapter 4: Virus Filtration -- Chapter 5: Membrane chromatography -- Chapter 6: Membranes for the Preparation of Emulsions and Particles -- Chapter 7: Other Membrane Processes -- Chapter 8: Some Perspectives.
Membrane Physiology
Author: T.E. Andreoli
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475717180
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 474
Book Description
Membrane Physiology is a soft-cover book containing portions of Physiology of Membrane Disorders, published in larger, hard-cover form in 1978. The parent volume was divided into five parts, described in detail in the Preface to the hard-cover edition, which is reproduced in this volume. The present version of Membrane Physiology incorporates the first three of these parts, including a section on the Nature of Biological Membranes, a section on Methods for Studying Membranes, and a section on General Problems in Membrane Biology. It is the hope of the Editors that this smaller volume will be of value to individuals interested in general physiology, the methods for studying general physiology, and its potential application to problems of clinical and physiological relevance. The Preface to Physiology of Membrane Disorders indicates our general reasoning for developing such a volume. THOMAS E. ANDREOLI JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN DARRELL D. FANESTIL Vll Preface to Physiology of Membrane Disorders The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a rational frame of reference for assessing the pathophysiology of those disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes are a major factor responsible for the clinical manifestations of disease.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475717180
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 474
Book Description
Membrane Physiology is a soft-cover book containing portions of Physiology of Membrane Disorders, published in larger, hard-cover form in 1978. The parent volume was divided into five parts, described in detail in the Preface to the hard-cover edition, which is reproduced in this volume. The present version of Membrane Physiology incorporates the first three of these parts, including a section on the Nature of Biological Membranes, a section on Methods for Studying Membranes, and a section on General Problems in Membrane Biology. It is the hope of the Editors that this smaller volume will be of value to individuals interested in general physiology, the methods for studying general physiology, and its potential application to problems of clinical and physiological relevance. The Preface to Physiology of Membrane Disorders indicates our general reasoning for developing such a volume. THOMAS E. ANDREOLI JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN DARRELL D. FANESTIL Vll Preface to Physiology of Membrane Disorders The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a rational frame of reference for assessing the pathophysiology of those disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes are a major factor responsible for the clinical manifestations of disease.
ICAMDMS 2024
Author: Rangasamy Rudramoorthy
Publisher: European Alliance for Innovation
ISBN: 1631904728
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
We, the Department of Production Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, are delighted to introduce the proceedings of the International Conference on the Advancements in Materials, Design, and Manufacturing for Sustainable Development ICAMDMS 2024. The conference proceedings encapsulate the knowledge of diverse insights and cutting-edge research shared by the participants of the conference in significant domains such as materials, design, manufacturing, industrial and production engineering converging on the theme of sustainable development. The technical program of ICAMDMS 2024 consists of 46 full papers, including nine oral presentation sessions at the main conference themes. The conference themes are: Track 1 – Advanced Materials; Track 2 - Design; Track 3 - Manufacturing; and Track 4 – Industrial and Production Engineering. Aside from the high-quality technical paper presentations, the technical program also featured eight keynote lectures. The eight keynote speakers are (1) Dr. Redouane Zitoune from Paul Sabatier University, Toulose-III, France, (2) Dr. Jinyang Xu from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, (3) Dr. Juan Pablo from Escobedo-Daiz UNSW, Canberra, Australia, (4) Dr. Santhakumar Mohan from IIT Palakkad, (5) Dr. Afzaal Ahmed from IIT Palakkad, (6) Dr. Ravi K R from IIT Jodhpur, (7) Mr. Vijay V from Lakshmi Machine Works – Advanced Technology Center, Coimbatore and (8) Ms. Thangamalar from Research and Development, Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE), Chennai. The Conference was enlightened with an industrial talk by Dr. S. Chandrasekar, Corporate Director, Roots Group of Companies, Coimbatore. ICAMDMS 2024 was sponsored by Propel Industries Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, PSG Centre for Academic Research and Excellence, Coimbatore, Janatics India Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Baarga Die Castings, Coimbatore, Crossfields Water Purifiers Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, TESA Technology, Coimbatore, Guruvayurappan Textile Pvt. Ltd., Udumalpet, Sakthi Gear Products, Coimbatore and 2017-21 and 2018-22 alumni of the Department of Production Engineering. In this compendium, one can find a wealth of knowledge covering advanced materials, innovative designs, and sustainable manufacturing practices. We extend our gratitude to the Management & Principal - PSGCT, Head of the Department – Production Engineering, ICAMDMS 2024 advisory committee, conference committee, sponsors, participants, faculty members, staff, and students who have contributed to the ICAMDMS 2024 and made it a platform for meaningful discourse. As we delve into this intellectual journey, we anticipate that this proceeding will be a valuable resource for researchers, academicians, and professionals worldwide, fostering collaboration and inspiring future endeavors toward achieving a sustainable environment. Dr R Rudramoorthy, Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Dr. M. R. Pratheesh Kumar, Dr. J. Pradeep Kumar Dr. R. Rajamani and Dr.J.Baskaran
Publisher: European Alliance for Innovation
ISBN: 1631904728
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
We, the Department of Production Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, are delighted to introduce the proceedings of the International Conference on the Advancements in Materials, Design, and Manufacturing for Sustainable Development ICAMDMS 2024. The conference proceedings encapsulate the knowledge of diverse insights and cutting-edge research shared by the participants of the conference in significant domains such as materials, design, manufacturing, industrial and production engineering converging on the theme of sustainable development. The technical program of ICAMDMS 2024 consists of 46 full papers, including nine oral presentation sessions at the main conference themes. The conference themes are: Track 1 – Advanced Materials; Track 2 - Design; Track 3 - Manufacturing; and Track 4 – Industrial and Production Engineering. Aside from the high-quality technical paper presentations, the technical program also featured eight keynote lectures. The eight keynote speakers are (1) Dr. Redouane Zitoune from Paul Sabatier University, Toulose-III, France, (2) Dr. Jinyang Xu from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, (3) Dr. Juan Pablo from Escobedo-Daiz UNSW, Canberra, Australia, (4) Dr. Santhakumar Mohan from IIT Palakkad, (5) Dr. Afzaal Ahmed from IIT Palakkad, (6) Dr. Ravi K R from IIT Jodhpur, (7) Mr. Vijay V from Lakshmi Machine Works – Advanced Technology Center, Coimbatore and (8) Ms. Thangamalar from Research and Development, Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE), Chennai. The Conference was enlightened with an industrial talk by Dr. S. Chandrasekar, Corporate Director, Roots Group of Companies, Coimbatore. ICAMDMS 2024 was sponsored by Propel Industries Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, PSG Centre for Academic Research and Excellence, Coimbatore, Janatics India Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Baarga Die Castings, Coimbatore, Crossfields Water Purifiers Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, TESA Technology, Coimbatore, Guruvayurappan Textile Pvt. Ltd., Udumalpet, Sakthi Gear Products, Coimbatore and 2017-21 and 2018-22 alumni of the Department of Production Engineering. In this compendium, one can find a wealth of knowledge covering advanced materials, innovative designs, and sustainable manufacturing practices. We extend our gratitude to the Management & Principal - PSGCT, Head of the Department – Production Engineering, ICAMDMS 2024 advisory committee, conference committee, sponsors, participants, faculty members, staff, and students who have contributed to the ICAMDMS 2024 and made it a platform for meaningful discourse. As we delve into this intellectual journey, we anticipate that this proceeding will be a valuable resource for researchers, academicians, and professionals worldwide, fostering collaboration and inspiring future endeavors toward achieving a sustainable environment. Dr R Rudramoorthy, Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Dr. M. R. Pratheesh Kumar, Dr. J. Pradeep Kumar Dr. R. Rajamani and Dr.J.Baskaran
Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications, 3 Volume Set
Author: Munmaya Mishra
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351019414
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 2954
Book Description
Undoubtedly the applications of polymers are rapidly evolving. Technology is continually changing and quickly advancing as polymers are needed to solve a variety of day-to-day challenges leading to improvements in quality of life. The Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications presents state-of-the-art research and development on the applications of polymers. This groundbreaking work provides important overviews to help stimulate further advancements in all areas of polymers. This comprehensive multi-volume reference includes articles contributed from a diverse and global team of renowned researchers. It offers a broad-based perspective on a multitude of topics in a variety of applications, as well as detailed research information, figures, tables, illustrations, and references. The encyclopedia provides introductions, classifications, properties, selection, types, technologies, shelf-life, recycling, testing and applications for each of the entries where applicable. It features critical content for both novices and experts including, engineers, scientists (polymer scientists, materials scientists, biomedical engineers, macromolecular chemists), researchers, and students, as well as interested readers in academia, industry, and research institutions.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351019414
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 2954
Book Description
Undoubtedly the applications of polymers are rapidly evolving. Technology is continually changing and quickly advancing as polymers are needed to solve a variety of day-to-day challenges leading to improvements in quality of life. The Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications presents state-of-the-art research and development on the applications of polymers. This groundbreaking work provides important overviews to help stimulate further advancements in all areas of polymers. This comprehensive multi-volume reference includes articles contributed from a diverse and global team of renowned researchers. It offers a broad-based perspective on a multitude of topics in a variety of applications, as well as detailed research information, figures, tables, illustrations, and references. The encyclopedia provides introductions, classifications, properties, selection, types, technologies, shelf-life, recycling, testing and applications for each of the entries where applicable. It features critical content for both novices and experts including, engineers, scientists (polymer scientists, materials scientists, biomedical engineers, macromolecular chemists), researchers, and students, as well as interested readers in academia, industry, and research institutions.
Introduction to Zeolite Molecular Sieves
Author: Jiri Cejka
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008055041X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1095
Book Description
Introduction to Zeolite Molecular Sieves, 3rd Edition presents a collection of the most important results and ideas in the field of molecular sieve chemistry and technology, the most important experimental techniques related to the research activities in molecular sieves, and identifies new areas of molecular sieve chemistry. Chapters start at a reasonably simple entry level, but also covers the present state-of-the-art in the field. Topics covered include structure, synthesis, characterization, ion exchange, adsorption, diffusion, separations, and natural zeolites.* 6 years since the last edtion this book brings together the rapid development within the field of molecular sieve chemistry and applications * Accessible to newcomers to the field, also containing valuable information for experienced researchers * 27 chapters written by renowned scientists in their field, including updates on some 2nd edition chapters
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008055041X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1095
Book Description
Introduction to Zeolite Molecular Sieves, 3rd Edition presents a collection of the most important results and ideas in the field of molecular sieve chemistry and technology, the most important experimental techniques related to the research activities in molecular sieves, and identifies new areas of molecular sieve chemistry. Chapters start at a reasonably simple entry level, but also covers the present state-of-the-art in the field. Topics covered include structure, synthesis, characterization, ion exchange, adsorption, diffusion, separations, and natural zeolites.* 6 years since the last edtion this book brings together the rapid development within the field of molecular sieve chemistry and applications * Accessible to newcomers to the field, also containing valuable information for experienced researchers * 27 chapters written by renowned scientists in their field, including updates on some 2nd edition chapters
Mathematical Modeling of Food Processing
Author: Mohammed M. Farid
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 142005354X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1000
Book Description
Written by international experts from industry, research centers, and academia, Mathematical Modeling of Food Processing discusses the physical and mathematical analysis of transport phenomena associated with food processing. The models presented describe many of the important physical and biological transformations that occur in food during proces
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 142005354X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1000
Book Description
Written by international experts from industry, research centers, and academia, Mathematical Modeling of Food Processing discusses the physical and mathematical analysis of transport phenomena associated with food processing. The models presented describe many of the important physical and biological transformations that occur in food during proces
Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources
Author: Jürgen Garche
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0444527451
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4532
Book Description
The Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources is a truly interdisciplinary reference for those working with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. With a focus on the environmental and economic impact of electrochemical power sources, this five-volume work consolidates coverage of the field and serves as an entry point to the literature for professionals and students alike. Covers the main types of power sources, including their operating principles, systems, materials, and applications Serves as a primary source of information for electrochemists, materials scientists, energy technologists, and engineers Incorporates nearly 350 articles, with timely coverage of such topics as environmental and sustainability considerations
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0444527451
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4532
Book Description
The Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources is a truly interdisciplinary reference for those working with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. With a focus on the environmental and economic impact of electrochemical power sources, this five-volume work consolidates coverage of the field and serves as an entry point to the literature for professionals and students alike. Covers the main types of power sources, including their operating principles, systems, materials, and applications Serves as a primary source of information for electrochemists, materials scientists, energy technologists, and engineers Incorporates nearly 350 articles, with timely coverage of such topics as environmental and sustainability considerations
Physiology of Membrane Disorders
Author: Thomas E. Andreoli
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461320976
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1062
Book Description
The second edition of Physiology of Membrane Disorders represents an extensive revision and a considerable expansion of the first edition . Yet the purpose ofthe second edition is identical to that of its predecessor, namely, to provide a rational analysis of membrane transport processes in individual membranes, cells, tissues, and organs, which in tum serves as a frame of reference for rationalizing disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes playa cardinal role in the clinical expression of disease. As in the first edition, this book is divided into a number of individual, but closely related, sections. Part V represents a new section where the problem of transport across epithelia is treated in some detail. Finally, Part VI, which analyzes clinical derangements, has been enlarged appreciably. THE EDITORS xi Preface to the First Edition The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a rational frame of reference for assessing the pa thophysiology of those disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes are a major factor responsible for the clinical manifestations of disease. In the present context, we use the term "membrane transport to refer to those molecular processes whose cardinal function, broadly speaking, is processes" in a catholic sense, the vectorial transfer of molecules-either individually or as ensembles-across biological interfaces, the latter including those interfaces which separate different intracellular compartments, the cellular and extracellular com partments, and secreted fluids-such as glomerular filtrate-and extracellular fluids.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461320976
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1062
Book Description
The second edition of Physiology of Membrane Disorders represents an extensive revision and a considerable expansion of the first edition . Yet the purpose ofthe second edition is identical to that of its predecessor, namely, to provide a rational analysis of membrane transport processes in individual membranes, cells, tissues, and organs, which in tum serves as a frame of reference for rationalizing disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes playa cardinal role in the clinical expression of disease. As in the first edition, this book is divided into a number of individual, but closely related, sections. Part V represents a new section where the problem of transport across epithelia is treated in some detail. Finally, Part VI, which analyzes clinical derangements, has been enlarged appreciably. THE EDITORS xi Preface to the First Edition The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a rational frame of reference for assessing the pa thophysiology of those disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes are a major factor responsible for the clinical manifestations of disease. In the present context, we use the term "membrane transport to refer to those molecular processes whose cardinal function, broadly speaking, is processes" in a catholic sense, the vectorial transfer of molecules-either individually or as ensembles-across biological interfaces, the latter including those interfaces which separate different intracellular compartments, the cellular and extracellular com partments, and secreted fluids-such as glomerular filtrate-and extracellular fluids.