Author: S. R. Pandi-Perumal Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319757652 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
This book offers a compilation of papers on the role of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in sleep, sleep disorders and neuroendocrine functions. Leading experts in sleep medicine, psychiatry and neuroendocrinology provide a broad perspective on the field, from the anatomical structure and physiology of the MCH system to the connection with other systems influencing sleep and diseases like anxiety and depression. The potential of MCHR-1 antagonists as anxiolytic/antidepressant drugs is also reviewed. The book will represent an interdisciplinary guide for sleep disorder specialists, sleep researchers, psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists, and behavioral sleep medicine specialists.
Author: Sonia Jego Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Sleep is a fundamental physiological process and sleep-like states have been described in nearly every animal studied to date. Despite the existence of distinct sleep-wake states, our understanding of the mechanism of sleep regulation remains incomplete. The present work focused on a particular hypothalamic neuronal population which expresses melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). The MCH peptide is thought to have a role in the promotion of sleep. However, all of the evidence supporting a functional role for the MCH system in sleep stems from in vitro and in vivo techniques that have spatial and temporal limitations and involve possible compensatory mechanisms. The present work aimed at clarifying the action of MCH neurons and their co-expressed neurotransmitters on sleep.In our first study, we used optogenetic tools in newly-generated Tg(Pmch-Cre) mice and found that acute optical activation of MCH neurons at the onset of REM sleep extended REM sleep duration whereas MCH neuronal stimulation at NREM sleep onset promoted transition from NREM to REM sleep. In contrast, acute silencing of MCH neurons reduced the frequency and amplitude of the hippocampal theta rhythm without affecting REM sleep duration. In vitro activation of MCH neuron terminals induced GABAA-mediated inhibitory post-synaptic currents in wake-promoting neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), while in vivo activation of MCH neuron terminals in the TMN or medial septum also prolonged REM sleep episodes. Collectively, these results suggest that activation of MCH neurons maintains REM sleep, possibly through inhibition of arousal circuits in the mammalian brain, while their inhibition induced a NREM-to-REM sleep transitional state.Our second study investigated the role of MCH peptide and GABA transmitter, which are thought to be both released by MCH neurons, during acute and semi-chronic optogenetic activation of MCH cells. We used newly-generated mice along with administration of MCH-R1 antagonist SNAP 7941. Our study revealed that the absence of Vesicular GABA Transporter (VGAT) in MCH neurons raises REM sleep mean duration closer to a ceiling value in control condition, masking the REM sleep promoting effect in acute stimulation. Semi-chronic activation of MCH neurons revealed that MCH peptide likely mediates the NREM sleep promoting effect whereas REM sleep promoting effect might involve additional neurotransmitters beside GABA neurotransmission. Together, our results suggest that GABA produced by MCH neurons is playing a crucial role in the basal control of REM sleep. Importantly, these results have confirmed that the mode of MCH activation (acute vs. semi-chronic) has a different effect on sleep, possibly due to the release of various neurotransmitters acting on various targets with different timescales. In the third study, we investigated the effect of pharmacogenetic activation of MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and found that their activation during the resting period (i.e., light period) specifically increased REM sleep whereas a similar activation paradigm during the active period (i.e., dark period) enhanced wakefulness and possibly arousal. These results suggest that subpopulations of MCH neurons exist, and that their modulation of behavior, including sleep, depends on the circadian phase and the physiological and homeostatic need of the animal.Collectively, our results causally demonstrated that MCH neurons are involved in REM sleep regulation, at least during the light phase. Acute activation of MCH neurons significantly promotes REM sleep although this effect is not dependent on MCH peptide release, whereas GABA from MCH neurons is possibly involved in the regulation of basal REM sleep. Our results further suggest that MCH peptide is implicated in the modulation of NREM sleep following semi-chronic activation of MCH soma, consistent with the slow mechanism of action of peptides in the brain. " --
Author: Ningjing Li Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 300
Book Description
The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region involved in the regulation of feeding, glucose homeostasis, sleep/wake cycle, and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) containing neurons, located in the lateral hypothalamus, project widely throughout the central nervous system, including the brain regions that are involved in central chemoreception, food intake, and sleep. These neurons also have multisynaptic connections with the phrenic motoneurons and the ANS. My overall hypothesis is that the lateral hypothalamus is a central chemoreceptor site and hypothalamic MCH neurons play a role in central chemoreception, cardiovascular control, and energy balance. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes were surgically implanted to record vigilance states. Arterial catheters were implanted for blood pressure and heart rate recordings. Whole body plethysmography was used to measure ventilation and metabolic rate while breathing in room air of 5% CO2. In the first series of experiments, reverse-microdialysis was used to focally deliver artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) equilibrated with 25% CO2 to perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (PF-LHA) in conscious rats while breathing in room air. In the second series of experiments, siRNA was used to knock down the expression of the MCH precursor gene (pMCH) to lower the levels of MCH in the brain. In the third series of experiments, acute central injection of MCH was applied in the third ventricle. Focal acidification in the PF-LHA caused an increase in ventilation only during quiet wakefulness, suggesting that the PF-LHA functions as a central chemoreceptor site and does so in a vigilance-state dependent manner. Knockdown of the pMCH expression resulted in an increase in the ventilatory response to 5% CO2 only during quiet wakefulness, accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, a reduced body weight and glucose level, as well as a disturbed sleep-wake cycle. Central injection of MCH induced food and water intake and lowered metabolic rate and blood pressure. Overall, these results indicate that hypothalamic MCH neurons are involved in central chemoreception in wakefulness, and suggest that disturbance of their function could contribute to obesity and obesity-related breathing and metabolic disorders.
Author: Mitchell G. Miglis Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128041129 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 270
Book Description
Sleep and Neurologic Disease reviews how common neurologic illnesses, such as Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s dementia impact sleep. In addition, the book discusses how common primary sleep disorders influence neurologic diseases, such as the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and stroke, as well as their association with various primary headache disorders and epilepsy syndromes. The utilization of sleep technology, such as polysomnography, multiple sleep latency testing, actigraphy, laboratory and CSF testing is also covered. The book is written for the practicing neurologist, sleep physician, neuroscientist, and epidemiologist studying sleep. Reviews how common neurological illnesses impact sleep and the impact sleep disorders have on neurologic disease Up-to-date, comprehensive overview written for practicing neurologists, sleep physicians, neuroscientists, and epidemiologists Includes informative discussions on sleep physiology, circadian rhythms, sleep and stroke, and treatment options for neurologists
Author: S. R. Pandi-Perumal Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1139483706 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 451
Book Description
The diagnosis of mental illness is frequently accompanied by sleep problems; conversely, people experiencing sleep problems may subsequently develop mental illness. Sleep and Mental Illness looks at this close correlation and considers the implications of research findings that have emerged in the last few years. Additionally, it surveys the essential concepts and practical tools required to deal with sleep and co-morbid psychiatric problems. The volume is divided into three main sections: basic science, neuroendocrinology, and clinical science. Included are over 30 chapters on topics such as neuropharmacology, insomnia, depression, dementia, autism, and schizophrenia. Relevant questionnaires for the assessment of sleep disorders, including quality-of-life measurement tools, are provided. There is also a summary table of drugs for treating sleep disorders. This interdisciplinary text will be of interest to clinicians working in psychiatry, behavioral sleep medicine, neurology, pulmonary and critical care medicine.
Author: M.A. Steiner Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers ISBN: 3318068446 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 165
Book Description
The orexin system, discovered in 1998, has emerged as a crucial player in regulating the sleep and wake balance inside our brain. This discovery has sparked a burst of novel and dynamic research on the physiology and pathology of sleep. The Orexin System: Basic Science and Role in Sleep Pathology honors this research and the authors share their ideas and perspectives on the novel developments within the field. The book examines the intricate role of the orexin system in regulating sleep and wake, and its interaction with other wake-regulating systems. The orexin system is dissected at the cellular and molecular level to explore the diversity of the orexin-producing neurons, their projections, and their signaling pathways. Additionally, the book discusses the diseases which are associated with a dysfunctional orexin system, such as narcolepsy, insomnia, substance abuse, and Alzheimer’s disease, and explores the new potential therapeutic applications derived from the burst of research around this fascinating system. This publication is essential reading for neurobiologists, neurologists, psychopharmacologists, sleep researchers, and other researchers and clinical scientists interested in sleep, sleep research, insomnia, and medicine in general.
Author: Sangdun Choi Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9781493968008 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 6330
Book Description
The second edition of this encyclopedia presents over 400 biologically important signaling molecules and the content is built on the core concepts of their functions along with early findings written by some of the world’s foremost experts. The molecules are described by recognized leaders in each molecule. The interactions of these single molecules in signal transduction networks will also be explored. This encyclopedia marks a new era in overview of current cellular signaling molecules for the specialist and the interested non-specialist alike. Currently, there are more than 30,000 genes in human genome. However, not all the proteins encoded by these genes work equally in order to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the important signaling molecules as completely as possible will significantly improve our research-based teaching and scientific capabilities.
Author: Stavros Baloyannis Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1789844444 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 144
Book Description
The human hypothalamus, a small structure at the base of the brain, has strategic importance for the harmonic function of the human body. It controls the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine function, circadian and circannual rhythms, somatic activities, and behavior, and is situated at the borders between the brain and the body and the brain and the soul, meeting points for mind and body. The hypothalamus is involved in a wide range of higher mental functions, including attention, learning and reinforcement of mnemonic processes, emotional control, mood stability, and cognitive-emotional interactions. It also has a role to play in behavioral disorders, panic reactions, cluster headache, gelastic epilepsy, mental deficiency, periodic disorders, depression, autism, and schizophrenia, and in a substantial number of neurodegenerative diseases. It enlarges greatly the dimensions of the hypothalamic contribution in controlling psychosomatic equilibrium and retaining internal unity of the human existence.
Author: S. R. Pandi-Perumal
Author: Sonia Jego
Author: Marta Pace
Author: Ningjing Li
Author: Mitchell G. Miglis
Author: S. R. Pandi-Perumal
Author: M.A. Steiner
Author: Sangdun Choi
Author: Noëmie Su Jeong Komagata
Author: Stavros Baloyannis