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Author: Pranaam Haldipur Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 312
Book Description
Nickel-based super alloys are widely used in aircraft engine components, mainly in turbine disks and the high-pressure compressor. Extensive data on the mechanical properties of these alloys is available. However, fundamental data relating micro-structural features to ultrasonic properties, in turn controlling the inspectability, are not available. Knowledge of these relationships would facilitate improvements in current Ni billet inspections. A single scattering model has been found to be very effective in simulating the effects of backscattered noise on the ultrasonic inspection of billets and forgings engine alloy materials. The work on this dissertation is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of the single scattering model in predicting backscattered noise in the nickel-based alloys. Attenuation, grain size and single-crystal elastic constants are important input parameters that need to be evaluated for making the predictions of noise levels. Determination of these quantities on a number of nickel-based super alloy samples is reported and studied how noise levels predicted with the current single scattering model compare with the direct measurements of noise on the same samples. In Chapter 1, experimental investigations of the relationships between ultrasonic properties (velocity, attenuation, and backscattered grain noise FOM) and the microstructure are reported. A close relationship was established between the measured attenuation and the Noise FOM, a result consistent with classical theories for backscattering and attenuation but inconsistent to observations in titanium. Chapter 2 describes a quantitative study of the relationship of the experimental observations reported in Chapter 1 to the predictions of classical theories, which require as input the single-crystal elastic constants of the grains and the grain size. The single-crystal elastic constants for these alloys are unknowns and an effort to infer the same for the nickel-based super alloys from ultrasonic measurements is reported. In Chapter 3, a detailed study of the accuracy of the single scattering model to predict the grain noise generated by the microstructure was carried out. Detailed measurements and model calculations were carried out to quantify the breakdown of the single scattering model the comparison of theory and experiment provided strong evidence for the presence of multiple scattering effects.
Author: Pranaam Haldipur Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 312
Book Description
Nickel-based super alloys are widely used in aircraft engine components, mainly in turbine disks and the high-pressure compressor. Extensive data on the mechanical properties of these alloys is available. However, fundamental data relating micro-structural features to ultrasonic properties, in turn controlling the inspectability, are not available. Knowledge of these relationships would facilitate improvements in current Ni billet inspections. A single scattering model has been found to be very effective in simulating the effects of backscattered noise on the ultrasonic inspection of billets and forgings engine alloy materials. The work on this dissertation is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of the single scattering model in predicting backscattered noise in the nickel-based alloys. Attenuation, grain size and single-crystal elastic constants are important input parameters that need to be evaluated for making the predictions of noise levels. Determination of these quantities on a number of nickel-based super alloy samples is reported and studied how noise levels predicted with the current single scattering model compare with the direct measurements of noise on the same samples. In Chapter 1, experimental investigations of the relationships between ultrasonic properties (velocity, attenuation, and backscattered grain noise FOM) and the microstructure are reported. A close relationship was established between the measured attenuation and the Noise FOM, a result consistent with classical theories for backscattering and attenuation but inconsistent to observations in titanium. Chapter 2 describes a quantitative study of the relationship of the experimental observations reported in Chapter 1 to the predictions of classical theories, which require as input the single-crystal elastic constants of the grains and the grain size. The single-crystal elastic constants for these alloys are unknowns and an effort to infer the same for the nickel-based super alloys from ultrasonic measurements is reported. In Chapter 3, a detailed study of the accuracy of the single scattering model to predict the grain noise generated by the microstructure was carried out. Detailed measurements and model calculations were carried out to quantify the breakdown of the single scattering model the comparison of theory and experiment provided strong evidence for the presence of multiple scattering effects.
Author: Jinghao Xu Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press ISBN: 9179297269 Category : Languages : en Pages : 63
Book Description
Nickel-based superalloys, an alloy system bases on nickel as the matrix element with the addition of up to 10 more alloying elements including chromium, aluminum, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and so on. Through the development and improvement of nickel-based superalloys in the past century, they are well proved to show excellent performance at the elevated service temperature. Owing to the combination of extraordinary high-temperature mechanical properties, such as monotonic and cyclic deformation resistance, fatigue crack propagation resistance; and high-temperature chemical properties, such as corrosion and oxidation resistance, phase stability, nickel-based superalloys are widely used in the critical hot-section components in aerospace and energy generation industries. The success of nickel-based superalloy systems attributes to both the well-tailored microstructures with the assistance of carefully doped alloying elements, and the intently developed manufacturing processes. The microstructure of the modern nickel-based superalloys consists of a two-phase configuration: the intermetallic precipitates (Ni,Co)3(Al,Ti,Ta) known as γ′ phase dispersed into the austenite γ matrix, which is firstly introduced in the 1940s. The recently developed additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, acting as the disruptive manufacturing process, offers a new avenue for producing the nickel-based superalloy components with complicated geometries. However, γ′ strengthened nickel-based superalloys always suffer from the micro-cracking during the AM process, which is barely eliminated by the process optimization. On this basis, the new compositions of γ′ strengthened nickel-based superalloy adapted to the AM process are of great interest and significance. This study sought to design novel γ′ strengthened nickel-based superalloys readily for AM process with limited cracking susceptibility, based on the understanding of the cracking mechanisms. A two-parameter model is developed to predict the additive manufacturability for any given composition of a nickel-based superalloy. One materials index is derived from the comparison of the deformation-resistant capacity between dendritic and interdendritic regions, while another index is derived from the difference of heat resistant capacity of these two spaces. By plotting the additive manufacturability diagram, the superalloys family can be categorized into the easy-to-weld, fairly-weldable, and non-weldable regime with the good agreement of the existed knowledge. To design a novel superalloy, a Cr-Co-Mo-W-Al-Ti-Ta-Nb-Fe-Ni alloy family is proposed containing 921,600 composition recipes in total. Through the examination of additive manufacturability, undesired phase formation propensity, and the precipitation fraction, one composition of superalloy, MAD542, out of the 921,600 candidates is selected. Validation of additive manufacturability of MAD542 is carried out by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). By optimizing the LPBF process parameters, the crack-free MAD542 part is achieved. In addition, the MAD542 superalloy shows great resistance to the post-processing treatment-induced cracking. During the post-processing treatment, extensive annealing twins are promoted to achieve the recrystallization microstructure, ensuring the rapid reduction of stored energy. After ageing treatment, up to 60-65% volume fraction of γ′ precipitates are developed, indicating the huge potential of γ′ formation. Examined by the high-temperature slow strain rate tensile and constant loading creep testing, the MAD542 superalloy shows superior strength than the LPBF processed and hot isostatic pressed plus heat-treated IN738LC superalloy. While the low ductility of MAD542 is existed, which is expected to be improved by modifying the post-processing treatment scenarios and by the adjusting building direction in the following stages of the Ph.D. research. MAD542 superalloy so far shows both good additive manufacturability and mechanical potentials. Additionally, the results in this study will contribute to a novel paradigm for alloy design and encourage more γ′-strengthened nickel-based superalloys tailored for AM processes in the future.
Author: Mahmood Aliofkhazraei Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535122126 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 348
Book Description
Superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits several key characteristics: excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion or oxidation. The crystal structure is typically face-centered cubic austenitic. Superalloy development has relied heavily on both chemical and process innovations. Superalloys develop high temperature strength through solid solution strengthening. An important strengthening mechanism is precipitation strengthening which forms secondary phase precipitates such as gamma prime and carbides. Oxidation or corrosion resistance is provided by elements such as aluminium and chromium. This book collects new developments about superalloys.
Author: Sammy Tin Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030518345 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 1098
Book Description
The 14th International Symposium on Superalloys (Superalloys 2020) highlights technologies for lifecycle improvement of superalloys. In addition to the traditional focus areas of alloy development, processing, mechanical behavior, coatings, and environmental effects, this volume includes contributions from academia, supply chain, and product-user members of the superalloy community that highlight technologies that contribute to improving manufacturability, affordability, life prediction, and performance of superalloys.
Author: Loeïz Nazé Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128193581 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 612
Book Description
Nickel Base Single Crystals Across Length Scales is addresses the most advanced knowledge in metallurgy and computational mechanics and how they are applied to superalloys used as bare materials or with a thermal barrier coating system. Joining both aspects, the book helps readers understand the mechanisms driving properties and their evolution from fundamental to application level. These guidelines are helpful for students and researchers who wish to understand issues and solutions, optimize materials, and model them in a cross-check analysis, from the atomistic to component scale. The book is useful for students and engineers as it explores processing, characterization and design. Provides an up-to-date overview on the field of superalloys Covers the relationship between microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior at high temperatures Discusses both basic and advanced modeling and characterization techniques Includes case studies that illustrate the application of techniques presented in the book
Author: Guillermo Eleazar Huanes Alvan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Laser-processed additive manufacturing (laser-AM) is a technology that allows the direct fabrication of metallic three-dimensional parts from a CAD model, with the particularity of using a laser as its energy source. The application of this technology to nickel-based superalloys (Ni-superalloys) attracts interest from the aircraft, aerospace, or power generation industry due to the outstanding strength at high temperatures and exceptional resistance to fatigue, hot corrosion, and wear under extreme conditions shown by these materials. However, the main drawbacks that prevent the implementation at a large scale of laser-AM nickel-based superalloys are the uncertainty of the mechanical integrity, quality and reproducibility of mechanical properties that can occur due to porosity, bonding defects, anisotropy, or heterogeneity present in the microstructure, which in turn is affected by the processing parameters. Furthermore, one of the principal aspects that prevents the adoption of this technology is the lack of a unified qualification standard that contemplates the needs of the aforementioned industries. Although several efforts are currently on track in the field of destructive testing for the characterization of AM materials in general, non-destructive techniques have merely been utilized for the detection of defects and their capability as a material characterization tool has not been deeply explored. In particular, ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (ultrasonic NDE) stands out among other NDE techniques given its straightforward application and its sensitivity to microstructural variations that can be applied to complex materials such as Ni-superalloys fabricated with laser-AM technologies. The aim of this work is to show our efforts in the ultrasonic NDE characterization of as-fabricated Laser-Directed Energy Deposition Inconel 718 (laser-DED IN718) and to derive parameters that can be further applied in a unified qualification standard for the acceptance of this material.First, we present a baseline ultrasonic NDE comparison of Inconel 718 samples fabricated with Laser-Directed Energy Deposition and with hot-rolled to show their difference in ultrasonic velocities, ultrasonic attenuation, and ultrasonic backscattering and to further correlate the contributions of the laser-DED IN718 microstructure to these parameters. Then, utilizing the ultrasonic response of the hot-rolled sample and two laser-DED samples fabricated with different processing parameters, we derived for the first time ultrasonic NDE qualification parameters to quantify anisotropy, heterogeneity, grain, and grain clusters contributions to attenuation, and grain cluster sizes. Finally, we utilize ultrasonic NDE to characterize laser-DED multi-material structures of Inconel 718 and Stainless steel 420. The ultrasonic velocities, attenuation and backscatter coefficients responses are measured, and their values are compared to theoretical values derived from a simple rule of mixtures.
Author: George Y. Baaklini Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aeronautics Languages : en Pages : 18
Book Description
This paper describes selected nondestructive evaluation (NDE) approaches that were developed or tailored at the NASA Glenn Research Center for characterizing advanced material systems. The emphasis is on high-temperature aerospace propulsion application. The material systems include monolithic ceramics, superalloys, and high temperature composites. In the aeronautic area, the highlights are cooled ceramic plate structures for turbine applications, TiAl blade materials for low-pressure turbines, thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) for residual stress measurements in titanium based and nickel based engine materials, and acousto ultrasonics (AU) for creep damage assessment in nickel-based alloys. In the space area, examples consist of cooled carbon-carbon composites for gas generator combustors and flywheel rotors composed of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites for energy storage on the international space station.
Author: Ricky Lee Whelchel Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electric resistance Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Nickel-base superalloys obtain high temperature mechanical properties through formation of precipitate phases formed via heat treatment. The precipitate microstructure evolves with heat treatment or thermal exposure, which can lead to degrading mechanical properties. This project focuses on the use of electrical resistivity as a non-destructive testing method to monitor the precipitate phase in Waspaloy (a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy). The evolution of the precipitate microstructure is characterized throughout the volume of the specimens using both small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements. These measurements are also aided by microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements.
Author: Pranaam Haldipur
Author: Pranaam Haldipur
Author: Jinghao Xu
Author: Mahmood Aliofkhazraei
Author: Sammy Tin
Author: Jonathan Cormier
Author: Loeïz Nazé
Author: Guillermo Eleazar Huanes Alvan
Author: George Y. Baaklini
Author: Ricky Lee Whelchel
Author: Robin Michael Bright