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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. Our objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. It basically describes the hearing of an organism. Audiograms are the most basic of the hearing measures and are essential for describing the audiometrics of a species of animals. Of the 85 species of dolphins and whales we now have audiograms on 16 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Most marine mammal audiograms are obtained on individuals and published individually. Population estimates obtain increased validity with increased numbers of measurements. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing, and the mechanisms underlying that directionality, are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. Our objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. It basically describes the hearing of an organism. Audiograms are the most basic of the hearing measures and are essential for describing the audiometrics of a species of animals. Of the 85 species of dolphins and whales we now have audiograms on 16 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Most marine mammal audiograms are obtained on individuals and published individually. Population estimates obtain increased validity with increased numbers of measurements. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing, and the mechanisms underlying that directionality, are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible.
Author: Whitlow W.L. Au Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461211506 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 499
Book Description
Here, experts in different areas of the field provide an overview of the bioacoustics of whales and dolphins as well as a thorough introduction to the subject for investigators of hearing in other animals. Topics covered include the structure and function of cetacean auditory systems, the unique sound production system of odontocetes, acoustic communication, psychoacoustics, echolocation and models of sound propagation.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. My objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. Of the 85 species of cetaceans we now have audiograms on 14 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible. Most of our initial audiometric work measured hearing using behavioral responses (Nachtigall et al, 2000). Measures of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) produce the benefit of being obtained rapidly without requiring captivity or lengthy training. Our recent work (Yuen et al, 2005) shows that the two procedures, while not producing exactly the same results, are certainly comparable. So, we intend to continue using AEP measures to measure the hearing of new species and to continue to measure hearing in other situations. Our initial work on temporary threshold shifts (Nachtigall et al 2003, 2004) with exposures up to 50 minutes combined with shorter term exposures led to an equal energy hypothesis in which it was assumed that the amount of TTS was dependent on the amount of energy received relatively independent of the time of exposure. An objective of our recent work (Mooney et al, 2006) has been to examine whether the equal energy hypothesis is valid for short exposure times.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309085365 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 221
Book Description
For the 119 species of marine mammals, as well as for some other aquatic animals, sound is the primary means of learning about the environment and of communicating, navigating, and foraging. The possibility that human-generated noise could harm marine mammals or significantly interfere with their normal activities is an issue of increasing concern. Noise and its potential impacts have been regulated since the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Public awareness of the issue escalated in 1990s when researchers began using high-intensity sound to measure ocean climate changes. More recently, the stranding of beaked whales in proximity to Navy sonar use has again put the issue in the spotlight. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals reviews sources of noise in the ocean environment, what is known of the responses of marine mammals to acoustic disturbance, and what models exist for describing ocean noise and marine mammal responses. Recommendations are made for future data gathering efforts, studies of marine mammal behavior and physiology, and modeling efforts necessary to determine what the long- and short-term impacts of ocean noise on marine mammals.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309050251 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
This volume reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of low-frequency sound on marine mammals and makes recommendations for research. In addition, the book describes current federal regulations prescribed under the Marine Mammal Protection Act that govern the taking of marine mammals by scientific research activities, and it recommends changes to expedite the regulatory process dealing with scientific research activities.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309172306 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 158
Book Description
Sound has become a major tool for studying the ocean. Although the ocean is relatively opaque to light, it is relatively transparent to sound. Sound having frequencies below 1,000 Hertz (Hz) is often defined as low-frequency sound. The speed of sound is proportional to the temperature of the water through which it passes. Therefore, sound speed can be used to infer the average temperature of the water volume through which sound waves have passed. The relationship between water temperature and the speed of sound is the basis for the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment. The ATOC experiment is designed to monitor the travel time of sound between sources off the coasts of Hawaii and California and several receivers around the Pacific Ocean in order to detect trends in ocean temperature and for other research and monitoring purposes. Some whales, seals, and fish use low-frequency sound to communicate and to sense their environments. For example, baleen whales and some toothed whales are known to use and respond to low-frequency sound emitted by other individuals of their species. Sharks are not known to produce low-frequency sound but are attracted to pulsed low-frequency sounds. Therefore, it is possible that human-generated low-frequency sound could interfere with the natural behavior of whales, sharks, and some other marine animals. Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound is an updated review of the National Research Council 1994 report Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs, based on data obtained from the MMRP and results of any other relevant research, including ONR's research program in low-frequency sound and marine mammals. This report compares new data with the research needs specified in the 1994 NRC report, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the data for answering important outstanding questions about marine mammal responses to low-frequency sound and identifies areas where gaps in our knowledge continue to exist.
Author: Whitlow W. L. Au Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1493931768 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 415
Book Description
This title brings to light the discoveries and insights into the lives of many marine species made possible over the last decade by passive acoustic recorders (PAR). Pop-ups, ARF, HARP, EAR, Bprobe, C-POD Atag, and Dtag are the acronyms of some of the many PARs that have changed our understanding of how marine animals live and strive in the ocean. Various types of PARs are used by different investigators in different areas of the world. These recorders have accumulated copious amounts of very important data, unveiling previously unknown information about large marine animals. Temporal, seasonal and spatial distribution patterns have been uncovered for many marine species. There have been many discoveries, new understandings and insights into how these animals live in and utilize the ocean and the importance of acoustics in their lives. Listening Within the Ocean summarizes these important discoveries, providing both a valuable resource for researchers and enjoyable reading for non-professionals interested in marine life.
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Author: William John Richardson
Author: Whitlow W.L. Au
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Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: Whitlow W. L. Au
Author: Thomas B. Glen
Author: Boris Fedorovich Sergeev