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Author: Chris McGonigle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Backscatter imagery from multibeam echosounders (MBES) is increasingly used for benthic habitat mapping. This research explores MBES backscatter classification using QTC-Multiview on data from Stanton Banks (UK) and Cashes Ledge (USA). Image-processing algorithms are used to extract values from samples of backscatter data, which are reduced by principal components analysis and are objectively clustered. This process is initially evaluated using 2005 data from Stanton Banks and compared with ground-truth data to determine their biological validity. Low-levels of agreement are observed between acoustic class and ground- truth data "35%); video is determined to be the most spatially appropriate method for comparison. Subsequently, the area was resurveyed in 2006 using the same MBES with different operational parameters, acquiring low- and high-density data coverage. Percentage agreement between classifications was 78%, determined to be due to operational parameters as opposed to environmental change. Agreement with ground truth data improved from 71 % to 77% with increased data density. In 2008, a 2 km2 area was resurveyed at two different orientations and vessel speeds within the same 24 hr period. Classification revealed 53% similarity at 4 rns-1 and 49% at 2 rns-1 from opposing orientations. The same orientations surveyed at different speeds were between 68% (k=0.583) and 53% (k=0.384) similar. These results suggest that both orientation and speed are significant considerations in image-based classification. Finally, the significance of water-column biomass in backscatter classification was examined at Cashes Ledge using MBES data from kelp beds. Two approaches were examined for detecting the presence of macrophytes; image-based and manual picking. Comparison with video data revealed comparable success, with both methods most successful at predicting Laminaria sp. (77.3%-82.6% correct) in shallow water "30m). This research demonstrates the significance of MBES backscatter and image-based classification as potential tools for the emergent discipline of benthic habitat mapping.
Author: Chris McGonigle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Backscatter imagery from multibeam echosounders (MBES) is increasingly used for benthic habitat mapping. This research explores MBES backscatter classification using QTC-Multiview on data from Stanton Banks (UK) and Cashes Ledge (USA). Image-processing algorithms are used to extract values from samples of backscatter data, which are reduced by principal components analysis and are objectively clustered. This process is initially evaluated using 2005 data from Stanton Banks and compared with ground-truth data to determine their biological validity. Low-levels of agreement are observed between acoustic class and ground- truth data "35%); video is determined to be the most spatially appropriate method for comparison. Subsequently, the area was resurveyed in 2006 using the same MBES with different operational parameters, acquiring low- and high-density data coverage. Percentage agreement between classifications was 78%, determined to be due to operational parameters as opposed to environmental change. Agreement with ground truth data improved from 71 % to 77% with increased data density. In 2008, a 2 km2 area was resurveyed at two different orientations and vessel speeds within the same 24 hr period. Classification revealed 53% similarity at 4 rns-1 and 49% at 2 rns-1 from opposing orientations. The same orientations surveyed at different speeds were between 68% (k=0.583) and 53% (k=0.384) similar. These results suggest that both orientation and speed are significant considerations in image-based classification. Finally, the significance of water-column biomass in backscatter classification was examined at Cashes Ledge using MBES data from kelp beds. Two approaches were examined for detecting the presence of macrophytes; image-based and manual picking. Comparison with video data revealed comparable success, with both methods most successful at predicting Laminaria sp. (77.3%-82.6% correct) in shallow water "30m). This research demonstrates the significance of MBES backscatter and image-based classification as potential tools for the emergent discipline of benthic habitat mapping.
Author: James A. Goodman Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9048192927 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 446
Book Description
Remote sensing stands as the defining technology in our ability to monitor coral reefs, as well as their biophysical properties and associated processes, at regional to global scales. With overwhelming evidence that much of Earth’s reefs are in decline, our need for large-scale, repeatable assessments of reefs has never been so great. Fortunately, the last two decades have seen a rapid expansion in the ability for remote sensing to map and monitor the coral reef ecosystem, its overlying water column, and surrounding environment. Remote sensing is now a fundamental tool for the mapping, monitoring and management of coral reef ecosystems. Remote sensing offers repeatable, quantitative assessments of habitat and environmental characteristics over spatially extensive areas. As the multi-disciplinary field of coral reef remote sensing continues to mature, results demonstrate that the techniques and capabilities continue to improve. New developments allow reef assessments and mapping to be performed with higher accuracy, across greater spatial areas, and with greater temporal frequency. The increased level of information that remote sensing now makes available also allows more complex scientific questions to be addressed. As defined for this book, remote sensing includes the vast array of geospatial data collected from land, water, ship, airborne and satellite platforms. The book is organized by technology, including: visible and infrared sensing using photographic, multispectral and hyperspectral instruments; active sensing using light detection and ranging (LiDAR); acoustic sensing using ship, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and in-water platforms; and thermal and radar instruments. Emphasis and Audience This book serves multiple roles. It offers an overview of the current state-of-the-art technologies for reef mapping, provides detailed technical information for coral reef remote sensing specialists, imparts insight on the scientific questions that can be tackled using this technology, and also includes a foundation for those new to reef remote sensing. The individual sections of the book include introductory overviews of four main types of remotely sensed data used to study coral reefs, followed by specific examples demonstrating practical applications of the different technologies being discussed. Guidelines for selecting the most appropriate sensor for particular applications are provided, including an overview of how to utilize remote sensing data as an effective tool in science and management. The text is richly illustrated with examples of each sensing technology applied to a range of scientific, monitoring and management questions in reefs around the world. As such, the book is broadly accessible to a general audience, as well as students, managers, remote sensing specialists and anyone else working with coral reef ecosystems.
Author: Luba Yvanka Reshitnyk Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The ability to map nearshore habitat (i.e. submerged aquatic vegetation) is an integral component of marine conservation. The main goal of this thesis was to examine the ability of high resolution, multispectral satellite imagery and a single-beam acoustic ground discrimination system to map the location of marine habitats in Bag Harbour, found in the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. To meet this goal, two objectives were addressed: (1) Using the QTC View V sing-beam acoustic ground discrimination system, identify which frequency (50 kHz or 200 kHz) is best suited for mapping marine habitat; (2) evaluate the ability to map nearshore marine habitat using WorldView-2 high resolution, multispectral satellite imagery and compare the results of marine habitat maps derived from the acoustic and satellite datasets. Ground-truth data for both acoustic and satellite data were collected via towed underwater video camera on June 3rd and 4th, 2012. Acoustic data (50 and 200 kHz) were collected on June 23rd and 24th, 2012, respectively. The results of this study are organized into two papers. The first paper focuses on objective 1 where the QTC View V single-beam acoustic ground discrimination system was used to map nearshore habitat at a site within the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area using two survey frequencies--50 kHz and 200 kHz. The results show that the 200 kHz data outperformed the 50 kHz data set in both thematic and spatial accuracy. The 200 kHz dataset was able to identify two species of submerged aquatic vegetation, eelgrass (Zostera marina) and a red algae (Chondrocanthus exasperatus) while the 50 kHz dataset was only able to detect the distribution of eelgrass. The best overall accuracy achieved with the 200 kHz dataset was 86% for a habitat map with three classes (dense eelgrass, dense red algae and unvegetated substrate) compared to the 50 kHz habitat classification with two classes (dense eelgrass and unvegetated substrate) that had an overall accuracy of 70%. Neither dataset was capable if discerning the distribution of green algae (Ulva spp.) or brown algae (Fucus spp.), also present at the site. The second paper examines the benthic habitat maps created using WorldView-2 satellite imagery and the QTC View V single-beam acoustic ground discrimination system (AGDS) at 200 kHz (objective 2). Optical and acoustic remote sensing technologies both present unique capabilities of mapping nearshore habitat. Acoustic systems are able to map habitat in subtidal regions outside of the range of optical sensors while optical sensors such as WorldView-2 provide higher spatial and spectral resolution. The results of this study found that the WorldView-2 achieved the highest overall accuracy (75%) for mapping shallow (3 m) benthic classes (green algae, brown algae, eelgrass and unvegetated substrate). The 200 kHz data were found to perform best in deeper (3 m) regions and were able to detect the distribution of eelgrass, red algae and unvegetated substrate. A final habitat map was produced composed of these outputs to create a final, comprehensive habitat map of Bag Harbour. These results highlight the benefits and limitations of each remote sensing technology from a conservation management perspective ... .
Author: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia). Division of Marine Research Publisher: ISBN: 9780643061965 Category : Benthic animals Languages : en Pages : 103
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
ABSTRACT: The need for assessment of benthic habitat characteristics may arise for many reasons. Such reasons may include but are not limited to, habitat mapping, environmental concerns and identification of submerged aquatic vegetation. Oftentimes, such endeavors employ the use of aerial photography, satellite imagery, diving transects and extensive sampling. Aerial photography and remote sensing techniques can be severely limited by water clarity and depth, whereas diver transects and extensive sampling can be time consuming and limited in spatial extent. Acoustic methods of seabed mapping, such as the acoustic sediment classification system QTC are not hampered by water clarity issues. The acoustic sediment classification system QTC is capable of providing greater spatial coverage in fractions of the time required by divers or point sampling. The acoustic classification system QTC VIEW V(TM) was used to map benthic habitats within Tampa Bay. The QTC system connected in parallel to an echo-sounder is capable of digitally extracting and recording echoes returning from the seabed. Recorded echoes were processed using QTC IMPACT(TM) software. This software partitions echo waveforms into groups or classes based on their similarity to one another using multivariate statistics, namely Principal Component Analysis and K-Means clustering. Data was collected at two frequencies, 50 kHz and 200 kHz. Side-scan sonar data was collected coincident with the QTC data and used to produce mosaics of the various habitats in Tampa Bay. Side-scan sonar data was classified using QTC Sideview(TM) in an attempt to identify changes in benthic habitats. Sediment samples used for ground-truth were subjected to grain size analysis. Also, the percentage of organic matter and carbonate within samples was determined. Results of acoustic classification appear to accurately reflect changes in the sediment type and structure of the seabed. Grain size, particularly percent mud, appears to have a strong influence on classification. Carbonate hard bottom habitats were found to be acoustically complex, a characteristic useful for their identification. The QTC system was able to detect seagrass, although some misclassification occurred between vegetated and non-vegetated seabeds.
Author: Charles W. Finkl Publisher: Springer ISBN: 331925121X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 297
Book Description
This university-level reference work covers a range of remote sensing techniques that are useful for mapping and visualizing benthic environments on continental shelves. Chapters focus on overviews of the history and future of seafloor mapping techniques, cartographical visualisation and communication of seafloor mapping, and practical applications of new technologies. Seabed mapping is referenced by high-resolution seismic methods, sidescan sonar, multibeam bathymetry, satellite imagery, LiDAR, acoustic backscatter techniques, and soundscape ecology monitoring, use of autonomous underwater vehicles, among other methods. The wide breadth of subjects in this volume provides diversified coverage of seafloor imaging. This collection of modern seafloor mapping techniques summarizes the state of the art methods for mapping continental shelves.
Author: Benjamin Misiuk Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The field of benthic habitat mapping has entered an era of automated statistical methods that have increased the capacity to produce maps as marine management tools. Spurred by a confluence of advances in acoustic remote sensing, open-source statistical tools, GIS, and computing power, these methods facilitate quick and objective mapping of habitats and physical seabed characteristics. Their performance and accessibility have led to widespread uptake, yet key spatial issues associated with these methods have not fully translated into the benthic habitat mapping workflow. Towards establishing "best practices", this thesis explores the application of several spatial concepts to benthic habitat mapping using three Canadian Arctic case studies. Relationships between seabed morphology and benthic habitats are well-established. Though recognized as a critical element in the field of geomorphometry, the scale dependence of these relationships is commonly neglected in habitat mapping. Chapter 2 provides evidence of the scale dependence of benthic terrain variables and demonstrates methods for testing and selecting from among many variables and scales for modelling the distribution of sediment grain size near Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut. Given challenges associated with marine data collection that are pronounced in the Arctic, benthic habitat maps commonly utilize multi-year and multisource datasets. Despite apparent advantages, there can be substantial challenges associated with the compatibility and spatial properties of such data. Chapter 3 demonstrates that spatially autocorrelated samples are likely to inflate estimates of predictive performance and uses a spatial resampling strategy to estimate and correct for inflation in a multi-model Arctic clam habitat map near Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut. Classified seabed maps are a common requirement for marine management and one of two broad approaches are often selected to produce them. Chapter 4 examines differences between classification and continuous modelling approaches in a spatial context to produce classified seabed sediment maps for inner Frobisher Bay, Nunavut. Non-spatial methods failed to indicate whether models could extrapolate to unsampled areas, which was a requirement for this study. When evaluated in a spatial context, the qualities of the classification approach made it more suitable, which was a function of ground-truth dataset characteristics and the predictive goals of the model. Non-spatial techniques may be appropriate for interpolation, but the ability to extrapolate needs to be examined in a spatial context.
Author: Anastasios Eleftheriou Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0470995114 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 443
Book Description
Ecosystems of the benthic environment are a sensitive index toecological change, and as such demand long-term and effectivemonitoring. Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos providescomprehensive information on the tools and techniques available tothose working in areas where the declining health of the sea,depletion of marine resources and the biodiversity of marine lifeare major concerns. In response to the need for increasingly detailed information onbottom-living communities, this fully revised new editionoffers: Contributions from a broad range of internationally recognisedexperts New information for those compiling environmental impactstatements, pollution assessments and working with eco-systemmanagement Two separate chapters on Imaging Techniques and DivingSystems A vital tool for all marine and environmental scientists,ecologists, fisheries workers and oceanographers, libraries in alluniversities and research establishments where these subjects arestudied and taught will find this book a valuable addition to theirshelves.
Author: Edmund Peter Green Publisher: Unesco ISBN: Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 356
Book Description
The Handbook provides a detailed evaluation of what can realistically be achieved by remote sensing in an operational coastal management context. It takes the user through the planning and implementation of remote sensing projects from the setting of realistic objectives, deciding which imagery will be most appropriate to achieve those objectives, the acquisition, geometric and radiometric correction of imagery, the field survey methods needed to ground-truth the imagery and guide image classification, the image processing techniques required to optimise outputs, through the image interpretation and evaluation of the accuracy of outputs. Linked to the Handbook is a computer-based remote sensing distance-learning module: Applications of satellite and airborne image data to coastal management available free of charge via www.unesco.bilko.org
Author: Peter Harris Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128149612 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1078
Book Description
Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of Seafloor Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats, Second Edition, provides an updated synthesis of seabed geomorphology and benthic habitats. This new edition includes new case studies from all geographic areas and habitats that were not included in the previous edition, including the Arctic, Asia, Africa and South America. Using multibeam sonar, the benthic ecology of submarine features, such as fjords, sand banks, coral reefs, seamounts, canyons, mud volcanoes and spreading ridges is revealed in unprecedented detail. This timely release offers new understanding for researchers in Marine Biodiversity, environmental managers, ecologists, and more. - Explores the relationships between seabed geomorphology, oceanography and biology - Provides global case studies which directly focus on habitats, including both biological and physical data - Describes ways to detect change in the marine environment (change in the condition of benthic habitats), a critical aspect for judging the performance of policies and legislation
Author: Chris McGonigle
Author: Chris McGonigle
Author: James A. Goodman
Author: Luba Yvanka Reshitnyk
Author: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia). Division of Marine Research
Author: 
Author: Charles W. Finkl
Author: Benjamin Misiuk
Author: Anastasios Eleftheriou
Author: Edmund Peter Green
Author: Peter Harris