Managing Insecticide Resistance in the Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata (Say) PDF Download

Author: Steven P. Mroczkiewicz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 310

View

Book Description

Author: Anne Marie Tisler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Colorado potato beetle
Languages : en
Pages : 222

View

Book Description

Author: David Mota-Sanchez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Colorado potato beetle
Languages : en
Pages : 278

View

Book Description

Author: Kathleen Schnaars Uvino
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303762789
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 326

View

Book Description
The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata is infamous for its' ability to develop resistance to insecticides and remains the most important insect defoliator of potatoes today. Long Island populations of the Colorado potato beetle have been at the forefront of developing resistance to every newly developed insecticide. Managing the evolution of resistance requires cultural as well as chemical means. Cultural efforts include field rotation, crop rotation, chemical rotation as well as refugia. Movement plays an integral part of both, the cultural schemes intended to thwart resistance evolution and the life history traits of the Colorado potato beetle. The use of refuges and crop rotation are often promoted to supplement the use of chemical pesticides in an effort to control crop pests. Refuges are untreated areas adjacent to treated crops, where susceptible genes can survive. The efficacy of refuges depends on movement between treated and untreated areas. Differences in movement between resistant and susceptible beetles can play a big role in the success of the refuge or rotation plan. Crop rotation can reduce the amount of insecticide used through dosage levels or frequency of application and slows insects' resistance evolution. Resistance to insecticides often has fitness costs associated with that resistance. I hypothesized that resistance to the insecticide Imidacloprid is correlated with reduced movement capability in Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (henceforth potato beetles), the primary insect defoliator of potato plants. I examined whether migratory ability or flight propensity have a cost of resistance to imidacloprid in Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) by examining LD50's of flying emergers and walking emergers in the spring. Imidacloprid is the most widely used and in some cases the only effective insecticide for Colorado potato beetle control and there is currently a wide range of variation in resistance. In the spring overwintering potato beetle adults halt diapause and emerge from overwintering sites. For the purposes of this work I will use the definition of diapause presented by Tauber et al (1986): "a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of minimal activity that occurs during a genetically determined stage(s) of metamorphosis, usually in response to environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions." Diapause in the Colorado potato beetle begins before the harsh conditions set in (loss of host and cold temperatures). It is an important strategy employed by many temperate zone insects for overwintering. Upon emergence from the overwintering site they emigrate to colonize local and distant fields. Emergence from diapause therefore offers an opportunity to sample genetically diverse groups of beetles. My results indicate that emerging flyers have a higher level of resistance than emerging walkers from overwintering sites. I also examined populations that were under intense selection pressure from one chemical, Spinosad, and largely isolated from other fields or populations. Spinosad is produced by a soil dwelling bacterium called Saccharopolyspora spinosa and it kills by ingestion. Spinosad is currently the only approved chemical available to Organic farmers on Long Island. These results indicate complete failure of Spinosad on that population but less resistance on distant populations and less resistance on populations from conventionally managed fields, all in Suffolk County, Long Island. Additionally early spring colonists of rotated and `non-rotated' fields were evaluated for resistance levels for 3 years. For two of the three years, colonists on long distance rotated fields had high LD50. Assuming long distance colonization is more likely dependent on flight, this is consistent with my results that emerging flyers have a higher LD50 than emerging walkers.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 167

View

Book Description
Rationale: In 2011, Wisconsin farmers grew 25.5 thousand hectares of cultivated potato worth an estimated 267 million dollars. Since 1995, systemic neonicotinoids have been used on approximately 85% of these acres to manage the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and other key pests. As a result of long-term reliance, neonicotinoid resistance in Colorado potato beetle has become common. In the spring of 2008 and 2009, growers reported changes in the colonization timing of Colorado potato beetle. Specifically, it was suggested that beetles were either extending or delaying their arrival times in commercial fields. Observed changes in beetle ecology typically occurred where neonicotinoid resistance had previously been documented in past seasons and may be an indication of an evolving relationship between insecticide resistance and changes in diapause patterns. A long colonization period resulted in the presence of several life stages of this insect in the crop simultaneously. Where protracted or delayed emergence occurred, many growers chose to manage these multiple life stages with high-risk, foliar applications. With increasing input costs growers may avoid proactive resistance management strategies, continuing to use generic neonicotinoid compounds paired with inexpensive, high risk foliar insecticide applications to manage resistant populations and maintain profit margins. Project Goal: To better understand the relationship between neonicotinoid use, Colorado potato beetle resistance, and environmental fate of neonicotinoids in the Central Sands agroecosystem. Objectives: I) To define the influence of previous (year) potato fields and adjacent diapause habitats on field scale Colorado potato beetle abundance. II) To use a common garden dormancy experiment to examine relationships between insecticide resistance, overwintering emergence phenology, and beetle fitness in field collected beetle populations. III) To document in-plant concentration and environmental fate of neonicotinoid insecticides when systemically applied in potato. Impact and Outcomes: An improved understanding of insecticide application methods and their effects on insect resistance management, insect ecology, and the surrounding environment will improve the long-term viability of systemic insecticides, which have become a keystone in our management program. Deliverable outcomes will inform sustainable, environmentally sound management plans for potato production systems and other specialty crops where systemic applications are commonplace.

Author: Anne Marie Tisler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Colorado potato beetle
Languages : en
Pages : 114

View

Book Description

Author: Miroslav Kostić
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology
Languages : en
Pages :

View

Book Description
Colorado potato beetle is one of the most important pests of potatoes and one of the most difficult insects to control. Over the years, none of the control techniques developed against this pest has provided long-term protection for potato crops. Worldwide, CPB is resistant to all major groups of insecticides, including organophosphates and carbamates. The target site of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides is the same; they inhibit the activity of AChE. The function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is degradation of acetylcholine (ACh - neurotransmitter) in the insect cholinergic synapses. Mutations in the AChE-encoding locus have been shown to confer target site insensitivity to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, leading to modification of AChE (MACE). A range of other amino acid substitutions in AChE confer insecticide resistance, and these mutations typically reside near to or within the active site of the enzyme. Such AChE mutations, associated with insecticide resistance, mostly known as Ace in Drosophila, have also been observed in other species, including L. decemlineata. Based on bioassays and literature, modified/insensitive AChE confers two major patterns of resistance to OPs/carbamates. Pattern I resistance is characterized by significantly higher resistance ratios (RR) (much greater reduction in the sensitivity of AChE at the biochemical level) to carbamates than to organophosphate insecticides. Pattern II resistance is characterized by resistance ratios (and/or reductions in the sensitivity of AChE) that are approximately equivalent for both carbamates and OPs. There are also a few species for which an insensitive AChE has been reported and for which molecular data have been collected, but for which the resistance profiles for both OPs and carbamates have not been reported. For CPB, both patterns were registered.

Author: Bruce L. Parker
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1489914099
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 606

View

Book Description
Thrips (fhysanoptera) are very small insects, widespread throughout the world with a preponderance of tropical species, many temperate ones, and even a few living in arctic regions. Of the approximately 5,000 species so far identified, only a few hundred are crop pests, causing serious damage or transmitting diseases to growing crops and harvestable produce in most countries. Their fringed wings confer a natural ability to disperse widely, blown by the wind. Their minute size and cryptic behavior make them difficult to detect either in the field or in fresh vegetation transported during international trade of vegetables, fruit and ornamental flowers. Many species have now spread from their original natural habitats and hosts to favorable new environments where they often reproduce rapidly to develop intense damaging infestations that are costly to control. Over the past decade there have been several spectacular examples of this. The western flower thrips has expanded its range from the North American continent to Europe, Australia and South Africa. Thrips palmi has spread from its presumed origin, the island of Sumatra, to the coast of Florida, and threatens to extend its distribution throughout North and South America. Pear thrips, a known orchard pest of Europe and the western United States and Canada has recently become a major defoliator of hardwood trees in Vermont and the neighboring states. Local outbreaks of other species are also becoming problems in field and glasshouse crops as the effectiveness of insecticides against them decline.

Author: Philippos M. Ioannidis
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Colorado potato beetle
Languages : en
Pages : 296

View

Book Description

Author: Michael Scott Crossley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

View

Book Description
Agricultural systems present a great opportunity, but also a number of great challenges, to herbivorous insects. Few insects that have ventured into agricultural systems have gained a foothold. One such insect, Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), made its first appearance in a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field in 1859, and had risen to global superpest status by the 1990's. Critical to CPB's success was rapid adaptation to insecticides, but not all CPB populations have evolved resistance at the same rate. In the United States, CPB exhibits a striking regional pattern of decreasing insecticide resistance from East to West, and fine-scale spatial structure in resistance levels within some regions. In Chapter 1, I build on this knowledge by resurveying CPB resistance to a widely used class of insecticides, the neonicotinoids, in the Columbia Basin of northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, and find that susceptibility to neonicotinoids has persisted despite 20-40 generations of exposure. In Chapters 2 and 3, I use a landscape genetics framework to examine relationships between historic and contemporary land cover composition and population genetic differentiation, and find weak, correlated effects of contemporary potato and wheat land cover on genetic differentiation among CPB in the Columbia Basin, but no effect of land cover in the Central Sands of Wisconsin. In Chapter 4, I use a landscape genomics approach to identify genes putatively associated with insecticide resistance, and find evidence of adaptation from standing genetic variation at multiple genes. In Chapter 5, I combine literature review with new data analyses to evaluate the importance of key factors in maintaining susceptibility to insecticides among CPB populations in the northwestern US, and raise the hypothesis that maintenance of small population sizes, partly related to climate suitability, has been most influential. In Chapter 6, I curated historical US agricultural census data and used it to examine changes in amount, diversity, spatial pattern, and novelty of crop land cover in the conterminous US between 1840 and 2012. Results from this chapter provide a solid foundation for future studies of the causes and consequences of agricultural land cover change.