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Author: Sahil R. Shah Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In countries such as India, where continuous access to treated piped-water is uncommon, many have resorted to desalinating brackish groundwater to meet their drinking needs. This form of decentralized treatment is performed at the community-scale, as is common in rural areas, and within individual homes, using point-of-use (POU) purifiers. This thesis develops methods to lower the costs and improve the efficiencies of two technologies for these applications: electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO). Batch ED desalination, which relies on recirculating water to reach a desired product concentration, is often conducted at constant voltage. This operation scheme causes the membrane area to be underutilized because the ratio of applied current to limiting current is initially low during the batch cycle. By applying a time-varying voltage to the ED stack, we raised this ratio and increased production rate by up to 37% using the same membrane area. In parallel, we derived an analytical prediction of the batch time and validated it under varying feed and product concentrations, and flow velocities. The experiments and model together suggest that the proposed control scheme will improve production rate most significantly when desalinating through large concentration changes at low flow velocities. This work will assist engineers and operators seeking to size, evaluate, and maximize the production performance of new and existing batch ED systems. Decreasing the energy requirements of community-scale RO, by recovering hydraulic power from the brine stream, will make off-grid deployments more affordable. However, existing energy recovery devices (ERDs) are prohibitively expensive. We investigated the feasibility of leveraging ubiquitous gear and sliding vane positive-displacement mechanisms within a fixed-recovery architecture to provide a low-cost ERD solution. By modeling the coupled behavior of the pump, ERD, and RO train, we showed that production performance is sensitive to volumetric efficiency. Based on this finding, vanes were selected over gears for prototyping. The prototype enabled a 17% decrease in measured power consumption, and through characterizing friction, we determined that these savings could be doubled by balancing pressure loads on the vane mechanism's rotor. This work lays the groundwork for realizing an affordable ERD for community-scale RO treatment. Finally, today's POU RO purifiers only recover 20-30% of the input feed as drinking water and consume significant energy. By testing and analyzing a POU RO system, it was identified that recirculating the brine within a semi-batch configuration could help address these limitations. We engineered such a system using off-the-shelf parts, and in initial testing, showed that it could achieve recoveries of up to 75% without affecting production rate and quality. With further testing and refinement, this semi-batch system could make POU water desalination more efficient.
Author: Sahil R. Shah Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In countries such as India, where continuous access to treated piped-water is uncommon, many have resorted to desalinating brackish groundwater to meet their drinking needs. This form of decentralized treatment is performed at the community-scale, as is common in rural areas, and within individual homes, using point-of-use (POU) purifiers. This thesis develops methods to lower the costs and improve the efficiencies of two technologies for these applications: electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO). Batch ED desalination, which relies on recirculating water to reach a desired product concentration, is often conducted at constant voltage. This operation scheme causes the membrane area to be underutilized because the ratio of applied current to limiting current is initially low during the batch cycle. By applying a time-varying voltage to the ED stack, we raised this ratio and increased production rate by up to 37% using the same membrane area. In parallel, we derived an analytical prediction of the batch time and validated it under varying feed and product concentrations, and flow velocities. The experiments and model together suggest that the proposed control scheme will improve production rate most significantly when desalinating through large concentration changes at low flow velocities. This work will assist engineers and operators seeking to size, evaluate, and maximize the production performance of new and existing batch ED systems. Decreasing the energy requirements of community-scale RO, by recovering hydraulic power from the brine stream, will make off-grid deployments more affordable. However, existing energy recovery devices (ERDs) are prohibitively expensive. We investigated the feasibility of leveraging ubiquitous gear and sliding vane positive-displacement mechanisms within a fixed-recovery architecture to provide a low-cost ERD solution. By modeling the coupled behavior of the pump, ERD, and RO train, we showed that production performance is sensitive to volumetric efficiency. Based on this finding, vanes were selected over gears for prototyping. The prototype enabled a 17% decrease in measured power consumption, and through characterizing friction, we determined that these savings could be doubled by balancing pressure loads on the vane mechanism's rotor. This work lays the groundwork for realizing an affordable ERD for community-scale RO treatment. Finally, today's POU RO purifiers only recover 20-30% of the input feed as drinking water and consume significant energy. By testing and analyzing a POU RO system, it was identified that recirculating the brine within a semi-batch configuration could help address these limitations. We engineered such a system using off-the-shelf parts, and in initial testing, showed that it could achieve recoveries of up to 75% without affecting production rate and quality. With further testing and refinement, this semi-batch system could make POU water desalination more efficient.
Author: Elizabeth Anne Reed (S.M.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
The purpose of this thesis is to design and validate a controllable energy recovery device with application to photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis (PVRO). The energy consumption of a reverse osmosis plant depends significantly on the efficiency of its energy recovery process. This work presents a concept for a controllable energy recovery process, so that a system can operate optimally based on the incoming water and power characteristics. The design presented here uses a variable nozzle and a Pelton wheel to recover energy from the high pressure concentrated brine exiting the reverse osmosis membrane. The components are designed, analytically modeled using fundamental engineering principles, and experimentally tested. The experimental data is then used to check the validity of the formulated concept models. This research encompasses the modeling and testing of a variable nozzle using a needle valve to control the flow through the nozzle, and also of a Pelton bucket, to examine the effectiveness of the momentum transfer from a high velocity jet to the Pelton wheel. This research is done to examine the feasibility of this concept for potential implementation on a full scale PVRO system. The component validation is performed to prove that the concept is effective and competitive with other options.
Author: Andrea Cipollina Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642011500 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 306
Book Description
A growing proportion of the world’s population is dependent on Seawater Desalination as a source of fresh water for both potable and civil use. One of the main drawbacks of conventional desalination technologies is the substantial energy requirement, which is facing cost increases in the global energy market. "Seawater Desalination" presents an overview of conventional and non-conventional technologies, with a particular focus on the coupling of renewable energies with desalination processes. The first section of this book presents, in a technical but reader-friendly way, an overview of currently-used desalination processes, from thermal to membrane processes, highlighting the relevant technical features, advantages and disadvantages, and development potential. It also gives a rapid insight into the economic aspects of fresh water production from seawater. The second section of the book presents novel processes which use Renewable Energies for fresh water production. From the first solar still evaporators, which artificially reproduced the natural cycle of water, technology has progressed to develop complex systems to harness energy from the sun, wind, tides, waves, etc. and then to use this energy to power conventional or novel desalination processes. Most of these processes are still at a preliminary stage of development, but some are already being cited as examples in remote areas, where they are proving to be valuable in solving the problems of water scarcity. A rapid growth in these technologies is foreseen in the coming years. This book provides a unique foundation, within the context of present and future sustainability, for professionals, technicians, managers, and private and public institutions operating in the area of fresh water supply.
Author: Hacene Mahmoudi Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1317287436 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 488
Book Description
The book presents a thorough overview of the latest trends and challenges in renewable energy technologies applications for water desalination, with an emphasis on environmental concerns and sustainable development. Emphasis is on the various uses of renewable energy, as well as economics & scale-up, government subsidies & regulations, and environmental concerns. It provides an indication on how renewable energy technologies are rapidly emerging with the promise of economic and environmental viability for desalination. Further it gives a clear indication on how exactly to accelerate the expansion and commercialization of novel water production systems powered by renewable energies and in what manner environmental concerns may be minimized. This book is all-inclusive and wide-ranging and directed at decision makers in government, industry and the academic world as well as students.
Author: Francesco Calise Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128206268 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 453
Book Description
The support for polygeneration lies in the possibility of integrating different technologies into a single energy system, to maximize the utilization of both fossil and renewable fuels. A system that delivers multiple forms of energy to users, maximizing the overall efficiency makes polygeneration an emerging and viable option for energy consuming industries. Polygeneration Systems: Design, Processes and Technologies provides simple and advanced calculation techniques to evaluate energy, environmental and economic performance of polygeneration systems under analysis. With specific design guidelines for each type of polygeneration system and experimental performance data, referred both to single components and overall systems, this title covers all aspects of polygeneration from design to operation, optimization and practical implementation. Giving different aspects of both fossil and non-fossil fuel based polygeneration and the wider area of polygeneration processes, this book helps readers learn general principles to specific system design and development through analysis of case studies, examples, simulation characteristics and thermodynamic and economic data. - Detailed economic data for technology to assist developing feasibility studies regarding the possible application of polygeneration technologies - Offers a comprehensive list of all current numerical and experimental results of polygeneration available - Includes simulation models, cost figures, demonstration projects and test standards for designers and researchers to validate their own models and/or to test the reliability of their results
Author: Mageed Jean Guirguis Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
With huge demands for potable water in regions lacking fresh water sources such as surface or ground water, various potential technologies have been explored for eliminating water shortage. Seawater emerged as a potential source and a major lifeline for such water-deprived areas. The development of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) technology proved to be a groundbreaking innovation, making it easier to extract pure water from seawater. Ever since its inception, SWRO technology has taken many leaps towards the development of energy efficient and high yielding systems. The reduction in energy consumption of desalination plants that were based on the SWRO technology emerged as a major driver of the technology revolution in this field. The improvement of membrane life and salt rejection, increase in recovery, and decrease in energy consumption has been the primary criteria for sifting through available technologies for incorporation in desalination plants. Many developments have, ever since, occurred in this direction. The membrane life has multiplied and the Total Dissolved Solids in the product are now as low as 100 mg/L. In addition, recoveries of 40-50% have been achieved. By recycling energy, many SWRO desalination plants have significantly lowered their total energy consumption. With the help of energy recovery devices (ERDs), it is now possible to decrease power consumption and increase efficiency of the seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant. The first large-scale municipal SWRO plant was installed in 1980 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This plant consumed 8 kilowatt-hours energy per cubic meter of water produced. This consumed energy was less than half of what was usually consumed by other conventional distillation processes. However, the SWRO desalination technology has one disadvantage. The seawater, which is to be desalinated, is pressurized with the help of high-pressure pumps. A large amount of energy is consumed during this process.
Author: Hassan Arafat Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128098961 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 442
Book Description
Desalination Sustainability: A Technical, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Approach presents a technical, socioeconomical, and environmental approach that guides researchers and technology developers on how to quantify the energy efficiency of a proposed desalination process using thermodynamics-based tools. The book offers the technical reader an understanding of the issues related to desalination sustainability. For example, technology users, such as public utility managers will gain the ability and tools to assess whether or not desalination is a good choice for a city or country. Readers will learn new insights on a clear and practical methodology on how to probe the economic feasibility of desalination using simple and effective tools, such as levelized cost of water (LCOW) calculation. Decision-makers will find this book to be a valuable resource for the preliminary assessment of whether renewable-powered desalination is a good choice for their particular setting. Presents the issues related to desalination sustainability Guides researchers and technology developers on how to quantify the energy efficiency of a proposed desalination process using thermodynamics-based tools Outlines a clear and practical methodology on how to probe the economic feasibility of desalination using simple and effective tools Provides a roadmap for decision-makers on the applicability of a desalination process at a particular setting
Author: Lucio Rizzuti Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402055064 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 392
Book Description
This book of the NATO Science Series presents the state-of-the-art of Desalination Technologies driven by Renewable Energies, highlighting the results achieved in the research field and presenting the potentialities of such technologies. It provides an up-to-date point-of-reference on the topic, giving an extensive overview of the current status of solar desalination, both from the research and industrial point of view.
Author: Andrea Cipollina Publisher: Woodhead Publishing ISBN: 0081003234 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 363
Book Description
Salinity gradient energy, also known as blue energy and osmotic energy, is the energy obtainable from the difference in salt concentration between two feed solutions, typically sea water and river water. It is a large-scale renewable resource that can be harvested and converted to electricity. Efficient extraction of this energy is not straightforward, however. Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients provides a comprehensive review of resources, technologies and applications in this area of fast-growing interest. Key technologies covered include pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis and accumulator mixing. Environmental and economic aspects are also considered, together with the possible synergies between desalination and salinity gradient energy technologies. Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients is an essential text for R&D professionals in the energy & water industry interested in salinity gradient power and researchers in academia from post-graduate level upwards. For more than ten years the Editors have been sharing substantial research activities in the fields of renewable energy and desalination, successfully participating to a number of European Union research projects and contributing to the relevant scientific literature with more than 100 papers and 2 books on Desalination technologies and their coupling with Renewable Energy. They are intensely working in the field of Salinity Gradient Power, carrying out research with specific focus o.n open-loop and closed-loop reverse electrodialysis and pressure retarded osmosis. - Covers applications of pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, and capacitive mixing for salinity gradient power in one convenient volume - Presents the environmental aspects and economics of salinity gradient energy - Explores possible synergies between desalination and salinity gradient energy
Author: Corrado Sommariva Publisher: ISBN: 9780866890694 Category : Desalination Languages : en Pages : 168
Book Description
A detailed guide to technology selection for desalination and water re-use projects. It covers all aspects of planning, managing, and completing desalination projects. Its objective is to provide readers with information required for feasibility economics, water cost, tariff modeling and budgeting of desalination and wastewater treatment plants.
Author: Sahil R. Shah
Author: Sahil R. Shah
Author: Elizabeth Anne Reed (S.M.)
Author: Andrea Cipollina
Author: Hacene Mahmoudi
Author: Francesco Calise
Author: Mageed Jean Guirguis
Author: Hassan Arafat
Author: Lucio Rizzuti
Author: Andrea Cipollina
Author: Corrado Sommariva