Life Cycle and Management of Meloidogyne Hapla (Northern Root-Knot Nematode) in Washington Wine Grape Vineyards PDF Download
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Author: Katherine Elizabeth East Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 151
Book Description
Poor vine establishment in replant situations has been attributed to plant-parasitic nematodes; in Washington wine grape vineyards, the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is one of the most prevalent plant-parasitic nematode species. There is limited information on the life-cycle of M. hapla in vineyards, as well as the performance of pre-plant soil fumigation as a management tool and the performance of most grape rootstocks against this nematode species. This research was conducted to examine the life cycle of M. hapla in vineyards and evaluate chemical and cultural control methods for M. hapla. A model for the infective M. hapla life stage, the second stage juvenile (J2), was constructed using soil growing degree days calculated from a base temperature of 0℗ʻC (GDDsoil). Meloidogyne hapla appears to undergo a single generation per year, with J2 population densities peaking between October and March (4291-4881 GDDsoil), then declining to a low in late June to early July (1895-2379 GDDsoil). Egg and fine root densities peaked in late July to August (2379-2871 GDDsoil and 2871-3069 GDDsoil, respectively). To determine fumigation and rootstock effects on plant-parasitic nematodes, a trial was established evaluating nematode-resistant rootstocks in a commercial vineyard, planted into replicated plots of fumigated (metam sodium), nonfumigated, and 'nonfumigated + M. hapla' soils. Fumigation reduced M. hapla soil densities only for the first year after application; 1.5 years after application M. hapla densities recovered to pre-fumigation levels in own-rooted treatments, and there was no difference in M. hapla density between fumigation treatments. Rootstocks were poor hosts for M. hapla compared to own rooted vines, but all rootstocks supported M. hapla reproduction after one year. Similarly, rootstocks established as part of an establishment field trial with varying initial densities of M. hapla were also poor hosts, however, M. hapla was capable of reproducing on all rootstocks. A second establishment trial planted to own-rooted V. vinifera examining late-season irrigation stress as a method for management of M. hapla was less successful, as there was no difference in M. hapla J2 densities between irrigation treatments. Overall, rootstocks have the most potential for managing M. hapla in Washington vineyards.
Author: Katherine Elizabeth East Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 151
Book Description
Poor vine establishment in replant situations has been attributed to plant-parasitic nematodes; in Washington wine grape vineyards, the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is one of the most prevalent plant-parasitic nematode species. There is limited information on the life-cycle of M. hapla in vineyards, as well as the performance of pre-plant soil fumigation as a management tool and the performance of most grape rootstocks against this nematode species. This research was conducted to examine the life cycle of M. hapla in vineyards and evaluate chemical and cultural control methods for M. hapla. A model for the infective M. hapla life stage, the second stage juvenile (J2), was constructed using soil growing degree days calculated from a base temperature of 0℗ʻC (GDDsoil). Meloidogyne hapla appears to undergo a single generation per year, with J2 population densities peaking between October and March (4291-4881 GDDsoil), then declining to a low in late June to early July (1895-2379 GDDsoil). Egg and fine root densities peaked in late July to August (2379-2871 GDDsoil and 2871-3069 GDDsoil, respectively). To determine fumigation and rootstock effects on plant-parasitic nematodes, a trial was established evaluating nematode-resistant rootstocks in a commercial vineyard, planted into replicated plots of fumigated (metam sodium), nonfumigated, and 'nonfumigated + M. hapla' soils. Fumigation reduced M. hapla soil densities only for the first year after application; 1.5 years after application M. hapla densities recovered to pre-fumigation levels in own-rooted treatments, and there was no difference in M. hapla density between fumigation treatments. Rootstocks were poor hosts for M. hapla compared to own rooted vines, but all rootstocks supported M. hapla reproduction after one year. Similarly, rootstocks established as part of an establishment field trial with varying initial densities of M. hapla were also poor hosts, however, M. hapla was capable of reproducing on all rootstocks. A second establishment trial planted to own-rooted V. vinifera examining late-season irrigation stress as a method for management of M. hapla was less successful, as there was no difference in M. hapla J2 densities between irrigation treatments. Overall, rootstocks have the most potential for managing M. hapla in Washington vineyards.
Author: Amanda D. Howland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The United States floriculture industry was valued at $6.43 billion in 2021, with Michigan being the third largest producer, producing 10% of all ornamental plants in the United States. A major constraint to the production of bare-rooted ornamental plants grown in the field are plant-parasitic nematodes. In Michigan, plant-parasitic nematodes cause millions of dollars in economic loss each year in the state's $104.7 billion agriculture industry. In the northern United States and Canada, the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is the most economically important perennial ornamental pathogen. While this is a known major pathogen of daylily production, one of top commodities in ornamental plant production in Michigan, very little is known about its impact in daylily production fields or how to effectively manage this pest. There are only two main management strategies for M. hapla in ornamental plant fields: hot water dips and preplant fumigation, both of which do not control M. hapla the entire production cycle and are therefore only semi-effective. Therefore, research was conducted to determine alternative management strategies to manage M. hapla in daylily production fields, with the goal to prevent yield loss and exportation rejection, and reduce the economic burden of this pest. Three multi-year field trials at a commercial nursery in Zeeland, MI, and several greenhouse experiments at Michigan State University's Plant Greenhouses, East Lansing, MI, were conducted to test several different management options and combination of management options to find the best new management strategies to control M. hapla in ornamental plant fields. The results of these studies demonstrate that there are more effective solutions for M. hapla management in ornamental plant field production compared to current practices and highlight three new management options: Indemnify as a soil drench, Majestene 304, and TerraClean 5.0 have been shown to provide the best M. hapla management in daylily fields, with a reduction in M. hapla population levels by 39.5%, 34.7%, and 28.8%, respectively, compared to the control. Indemnify also reduced the number of galled roots by 80% compared to the control plants, which is considerable and can lead to less fields being quarantined and fewer shipment rejections, significantly increasing the profits of the ornamental plant industry. The Indemnify treatment was additionally shown to have a significant positive effect on plant growth, producing plants with some of the largest overall plant biomass, such as plant heights, shoot weights, crown widths, and, most importantly, yield. Plants where Indemnify was applied as a soil drench always had higher yields (on average 41.3% higher) compared to the control plants and higher yields (on average 40% higher) compared to Telone II fumigation. These experiments also show that the annual application of treatments throughout the production cycle is crucial and provides significantly better M. hapla management compared to current practices, which only focuses on managing nematodes at the beginning of the production cycle. Most importantly, these trials show that there was no impact on plant growth, health, and yield from annual treatment applications. Even though M. hapla is well established in these monoculture, long-term ornamental plant fields, a trial determining possible soil suppression showed that natural suppression may not be occurring in ornamental plant fields in Michigan, but more experiments are needed. Two greenhouse trials tested the damage potential and host status of Hemerocallis spp. to M. hapla and Paratylenchus spp., and determined the threshold level of M. hapla. These greenhouse experiments show that daylily is an excellent host to M. hapla, with a threshold level as low as 13 M. hapla/100 cm3 soil. The data also suggests that even though M. hapla affects plant growth, daylily plants may actually be tolerant to M. hapla; over the length of the daylily growth cycle, the plants became more tolerant of its feeding and grew to similar sizes of the nematode-free plants. Lastly, daylily was shown to not be a host to Paratylenchus spp., and therefore, these nematodes do not need to be included in management decisions. Through the application of the new alternative and more sustainable management strategies described in this dissertation, M. hapla can be effectively and efficiently managed in ornamental plant fields leading to a significant advancement in the floriculture industry in Michigan, the northern United States, and Canada.
Author: Amanda Howland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Grapes Languages : en Pages : 109
Book Description
A major constraint to the production of self-rooted wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) in eastern Washington is plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes can impact grape productivity by limiting water and nutrient uptake, educing physiological changes, and extracting plant nutrients from roots, thereby reducing root biomass, plant vigor, and yield. The most commonly encountered plant-parasitic nematodes in Washington V. vinifera vineyards are Meloidogyne hapla, Mesocriconema xenoplax, Pratylenchus spp., Xiphinema americanum, and Paratylenchus sp.; however, little is known about their biology, distribution, and pathogenicity in this production system. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) determine the spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in eastern Washington V. vinifera vineyards, and 2) determine the host status of V. vinifera varieties and clones predominantly grown in Washington, and several Vitis spp. rootstocks to M. hapla. For the first objective, two vineyards in eastern Washington were sampled over a two-year period to determine the horizontal and vertical distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes. To achieve the second objective, V. vinifera varieties and clones and Vitis spp. rootstocks were inoculated with M. hapla, grown in the greenhouse, and destructively harvested to determine nematode reproduction. Results from the spatial studies showed that, in general, populations of M. hapla and M. xenoplax were aggregated under irrigation emitters and that population densities of these nematodes decreased with soil depth. While Pratylenchus spp. population densities also decreased with depth, populations of these nematodes were concentrated along the alley ways between vine rows. Paratylenchus sp. and X. americanum were random in both their vertical and horizontal distributions within the vineyards. We also found that soil moisture plays a dominant role in the distribution of fine roots and plant-parasitic nematodes within semi-arid vineyards. Where soil moisture was the highest, fine root biomass and population densities of M. hapla and M. xenoplax were also the highest. The opposite was true for Pratylenchus spp., with higher population densities of this nematode in drier areas of the vineyard. There was no relationship of X. americanum and Paratylenchus sp. population densities with soil moisture. These results show there is potential to only treat a 60 cm area around the vine row when targeting M. hapla and M. xenoplax; however, this strategy would not be effective against X. americanum or Paratylenchus sp. It also appears that Pratylenchus spp. are not parasites of V. vinifera in this production system and that there may not be a need to consider these nematodes from a management perspective. In our host status trials with M. hapla, all of the V. vinifera varieties and clones were excellent hosts for M. hapla, but the magnitude of increase in population size of M. hapla on white (Chardonnay and Riesling) compared to red (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah) varieties was significantly greater. White varieties had higher M. hapla eggs/g root and an almost 40% higher reproduction factor value than red varieties. All the Vitis spp. rootstocks screened (Salt Creek, Freedom, Harmony, St. George, Riparia Gloire, 101-14, 3309C, 110R, and 420A) allowed very little or no M. hapla reproduction, and therefore are considered non-hosts. This research will provide Washington grape growers with the knowledge to select appropriate planting material to minimize the impact of M. hapla on grapevines. The results of both studies greatly expand the knowledge of the spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in semi-arid Washington V. vinifera vineyards as well as the host status of commonly planted V. vinifera varieties to M. hapla.
Author: Isaac Lartey Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Managing Meloidogyne hapla remains challenging due to the ban of broad-spectrum nematicides, lack of resistant crops and its broad host range. It also has parasitic variability (PV) where populations (pop) are morphologically and genetically similar but vary in pathogenicity and reproductive potential. Although PV in M. hapla appears to have some relationship to soil types, what soil conditions favor its PV and/or its distribution are unknown. The goal of my research was to understand the soil conditions where M. hapla PVexist by quantifying the biophysicochemical (BPC) conditions from the ecosystem down to microbiome level. I designed observational and experimental approaches and tested four objectives. First, was to evaluate the association between soil conditions and M. hapla distribution at the ecosystem level. My hypothesis was that the presence of M. hapla will be associated with degraded soil conditions. I selected 15 (6 muck and 9 mineral soil)agricultural fields with adjacent natural vegetation in southwest, northwest and eastern regions of the lower peninsula of Michigan as study sites. I collected a total of 75 (5 per field)georeferenced soil samples from agricultural fields and equal number from adjacent natural vegetation soils, quantified the soil food web (SFW) conditions using the Ferris SFW model, and screened for M. hapla presence or absence. The fields were described either as disturbed, degraded (worst-case) or maturing (best-case). Meloidogyne hapla was present in 3 mineral (2, 8 and 13) and 6 muck (4, 5, 6, 10, 14 15) agricultural fields with degraded and/or disturbed soil conditions and absent from maturing soils, partially supporting the hypothesis.Degraded soils had low nitrogen content in both soil groups. The second objective was to isolate and culture the 9 M. hapla populations to test a hypothesis that PV is related to specific SFW conditions. I found three categories of reproductive potential: the highest (Pop 13), medium (Pop 8), both from degraded mineral soils, and lowest from disturbed mineral (Pop 2) and disturbed (Pops 4, 6 and 10) and degraded (Pops 5, 14 and 15) muck soils. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported. The third objective, was to determine relationships between microbial community structure and M. hapla distribution. My working hypotheses were that there is a relationship among microbiome, soil health and M. hapla occurrence. Microbial community structure in the fields was determined from sub-samples of the same samples where the nematodes were isolated. I used 16S (bacteria) and ITS (fungi) rDNA analysis and characterized the microbial composition, core- and indicator-microbes co-existing with M. hapla pop in the field soils and soil conditions relative to the Ferris SFW model description. The results showed that bacterial and fungal community abundance and composition varied by soil group, SFW conditions and/or M. hapla occurrence. I found that a core of 39 bacterial and 44 fungal sub-operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found variably, 25 bacterial OTUs associated with presence or absence of M. hapla, and 1,065 OTUs were associated SFW conditions. All three hypotheses were supported. The final objective was to determine the relationship between PV and the microbes associated with M. hapla pop. I compared bacteria present in M. hapla pop isolated from the field and greenhouse cultures. The hypothesis was that either presence and/or absence of specific bacteria are associated with M. hapla population. Population 8 shared more bacteria with the lowest reproductive potential pop than Population 13. Presence of several bacteria was unique to Population 8 as was the absence of other bacteria to Pop 13 in either field or greenhouse nematodes. Therefore, the hypothesis was supported. My research findings provide a foundation for: a) testing the relationship between M. hapla PV and the BPC conditions and b) designing soil health-based management strategies.
Author: Kenneth Reece Barker Publisher: Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University ISBN: Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 436
Book Description
Importance of nematodes. Taxonomic approaches. Host-parasite relationships. Ecology. Nematode management. Nematology in developing countries.
Author: Kenneth Reece Barker Publisher: Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University ISBN: Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
Sampling and extraction. Staining and culture. Identification. Assessment of economic importance. Statistics and modeling.
Author: Katherine Elizabeth East
Author: Katherine Elizabeth East
Author: Amanda D. Howland
Author: Nathaniel Aaron Mitkowski
Author: Amanda Howland
Author: Isaac Lartey
Author: Kenneth Reece Barker
Author: Charalambos Panayi
Author: Elmer Snyder
Author: Roderick Wilson McLeod
Author: Kenneth Reece Barker