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Author: Chris Elliott Publisher: CIFOR ISBN: 9798764560 Category : Forest management Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
This paper analyses the development of certification programmes in three countries (Indonesia, Canada and Sweden) using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as a theoretical reference point. The ACF is an actor-based framework for analysing policy processes and has not previously been applied in a developing country. Actors in the three countries took different approaches to certification. In Canada, in a programme development process supported by the forest products industry, a management systems approach was taken. In Sweden, performance standards were developed in a process initially driven by NGOs. In Indonesia, certification was led by an NGO within a framework established by government, and a performance standards approach was used. The paper concludes that forest certification can be best understood as a policy instrument that promotes and facilitates policy-orientated learning among actors, and provides indirect incentives for improved forest management. Learning occurs both as the standards to be used for certification are developed, and as they are implemented. The benefits of learning and consensus building among actors (such as NGOs, forest companies, private forest owners, indigenous peoples, governments, etc.) who have traditionally been in conflict with each other can be significant. On the other hand, where fundamental changes in forest policy (such as tenure and forest revenue reform) are needed, certification should not be seen as a substitute for these A further conclusion is that, while public policies change over periods of decades, the private policies of retailers and forest product companies can adapt more rapidly to changing circumstances. The concept of a ‘fast track’ of private policy change, compared to the slower track of governmental policy change, is therefore proposed and described. A number of interesting theoretical and empirical avenues for further research on certification are discussed.
Author: Chris Elliott Publisher: CIFOR ISBN: 9798764560 Category : Forest management Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
This paper analyses the development of certification programmes in three countries (Indonesia, Canada and Sweden) using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as a theoretical reference point. The ACF is an actor-based framework for analysing policy processes and has not previously been applied in a developing country. Actors in the three countries took different approaches to certification. In Canada, in a programme development process supported by the forest products industry, a management systems approach was taken. In Sweden, performance standards were developed in a process initially driven by NGOs. In Indonesia, certification was led by an NGO within a framework established by government, and a performance standards approach was used. The paper concludes that forest certification can be best understood as a policy instrument that promotes and facilitates policy-orientated learning among actors, and provides indirect incentives for improved forest management. Learning occurs both as the standards to be used for certification are developed, and as they are implemented. The benefits of learning and consensus building among actors (such as NGOs, forest companies, private forest owners, indigenous peoples, governments, etc.) who have traditionally been in conflict with each other can be significant. On the other hand, where fundamental changes in forest policy (such as tenure and forest revenue reform) are needed, certification should not be seen as a substitute for these A further conclusion is that, while public policies change over periods of decades, the private policies of retailers and forest product companies can adapt more rapidly to changing circumstances. The concept of a ‘fast track’ of private policy change, compared to the slower track of governmental policy change, is therefore proposed and described. A number of interesting theoretical and empirical avenues for further research on certification are discussed.
Author: Jakobs, Kai Publisher: IGI Global ISBN: 159904563X Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 300
Book Description
Standardization has the potential to shape, expand, and create markets. Information technology has undergone a rapid transformation in the application of standards in practice, and recent developments have augmented the need for the divulgence of supplementary research. Standardization Research in Information Technology: New Perspectives amasses cutting-edge research on the application of standards in the market, covering topics such as corporate standardization, linguistic qualities of international standards, the role of individuals in standardization, and the development, use, application, and influence of information technology in standardization techniques.
Author: Klaus von Gadow Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9781402002786 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 376
Book Description
During its 200-year history the concept of sustainable forest ecosystem management has been the object of scientific and political discussion, with varying degrees of intensity - promoted with vehement fervour during periods of social or economic crisis, and less intensely during periods of stability. This volume, which forms part of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems, presents state-of-the-art contributions presented by 9 leading authors from North America, Europe, Australia, and Southern Africa. If technical knowledge is a constraint to the implementation of sustainable management, this book contains a wealth of information which may be useful to students and practitioners alike. The specific target readership includes company management, the legal and policy environment, and forestry administrators. This book's unique feature is its holistic approach which includes ecological, socio-political, and timber supply issues.
Author: Bart Preneel Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3540492488 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 402
Book Description
The Department of Electrical Engineering-ESAT at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven regularly runs a course on the state of the art and evolution of computer security and industrial cryptography. The rst course took place in 1983, the second in 1989, and since then the course has been a biennial event. The course is intended for both researchers and practitioners from industry and government. It covers the basic principles as well as the most recent - velopments. Our own interests mean that the course emphasizes cryptography, but we also ensure that the most important topics in computer security are covered. We try to strike a good balance between basic theory and real-life - plications, between mathematical background and judicial aspects, and between recent technical developments and standardization issues. Perhaps the greatest strength of the course is the creation of an environment that enables dialogue between people from diverse professions and backgrounds. In 1993, we published the formal proceedings of the course in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series (Volume 741). Since the el d of cryptography has advanced considerably during the interim period, there is a clear need to publish a new edition. Since 1993, several excellent textbooks and handbooks on cryptology have been published and the need for introductory-level papers has decreased. The growth of the main conferences in cryptology (Eurocrypt, Crypto,and Asiacrypt) shows that interest in the eld is increasing.
Author: Henk J. de Vries Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 147573042X Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
This study fills a gap in standardization literature. It is the first academic analysis of national standardization organizations. These organizations exist in every country and may be private or governmental organizations. The first national standardization th organizations were founded in the early decades of the 20 century and were aimed at rationalizing industrial production. Their mode of operation reflects the sense of co operation at the national level and - in the telecommunications and electrotechnical field - at the intemationallevel as well. Now, however, the scene has changed, with companies operating internationally. Standards for products, processes, and services are crucial factors in determining success or failure on a fiercely competitive market, especially when functional compatibility is a prerequisite, as is the case in computer and telecommunications technologies. As a consequence, rather homogeneous needs of participants in standardization have given way to conflicting interests. This prompts a discussion about the traditional role of national standardization organizations. They increasingly depend on their exclusive links to the international standardization organizations ISO and IEC, and, in the case of Europe, the regional organizations CEN and CENELEC. In many cases, formal standardization organizations are not the obvious bodies for developing standards to meet business needs. Is this inevitable or could they improve performance and regain their market share? Henk de Vries answers this question against the background of current developments in standardization at the international, European, and national levels.
Author: Richard H. Steinberg Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield ISBN: 9780742510463 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 340
Book Description
In this first book to systematically compare how each of the world's major international trade organizations have handled environmental issues, leading specialists provide a balanced analysis of the development of trade and the environment rules in the World Trade Organization, the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Organization for Standardization, and other key organizations. Deftly combining policy and theory, the authors offer a range of heuristics and normative orientations in an effort to understand one of the globe's most contentious and timely dilemmas. Visit our website for sample chapters!
Author: Nicholas C. Zakas Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118233093 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 960
Book Description
This book provides a developer-level introduction along with more advanced and useful features of JavaScript. Coverage includes: JavaScript use with HTML to create dynamic webpages, language concepts including syntax and flow control statements variable handling given their loosely typed nature built-in reference types such as object and array object-oriented programing powerful aspects of function expressions Browser Object Model allowing interaction with the browser itself detecting the client and its capabilities Document Object Model (DOM) objects available in DOM Level 1 how DOM Levels 2 and 3 augmented the DOM events, legacy support, and how the DOM redefined how events should work enhancing form interactions and working around browser limitations using the canvas tag to create on-the-fly graphics JavaScript API changes in HTML5 how browsers handle JavaScript errors and error handling features of JavaScript used to read and manipulate XML data the JSON data format as an alternative to XML Ajax techniques including the use of XMLHttpRequest object and CORS complex patterns including function currying, partial function application, and dynamic functions offline detection and storing data on the client machine techniques for JavaScript in an enterprise environment for better maintainability This book is aimed at three groups of readers: Experienced object-oriented programming developers looking to learn JavaScript as it relates to traditional OO languages such as Java and C++; Web application developers attempting to enhance site usability; novice JavaScript developers. Nicholas C. Zakas worked with the Web for over a decade. He has worked on corporate intranet applications used by some of the largest companies in the world and large-scale consumer websites such as MyYahoo! and the Yahoo! homepage. He regularly gives talks at companies and conferences regarding front-end best practices and new technology.
Author: Chris Elliott
Author: Chris Elliott
Author: Jakobs, Kai
Author: International Organization for Standardization
Author: International Organization for Standardization
Author: Klaus von Gadow
Author: Bart Preneel
Author: Henk J. de Vries
Author: Richard H. Steinberg
Author: Nicholas C. Zakas
Author: