Author: Deena B. Snoke Publisher: ISBN: Category : Insulin resistance Languages : en Pages : 221
Book Description
studies of energy expenditure highlighted the reciprocal relationship between increases in energy metabolism and life expectancy. A growing body of literature emphasizes that individuals suffering from metabolic and chronic diseases have higher energy demands to fight illness in addition to the energy necessary for homeostatic maintenance. Two conditions of metabolic dysregulation, cancer cachexia and metabolic syndrome illustrate this phenomenon. Each condition exhibits 5 shared pathological characteristics which contribute to metabolic disease progression: dysregulated energy balance, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated lipid storage and adipocyte function, and chronic inflammation. The goal of this research was to identify bioactive dietary components that improve the pathologies associated with cancer cachexia and metabolic syndrome. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dietary naringenin in mice with C-26 adenocarcinoma-induced cachexia. Cancer cachexia is characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle with or without the loss of adipose tissue that results in functional impairment impacting quality of life and overall survival. Naringenin is a flavonoid most commonly found in citrus fruits and tomatoes that has a wide range of positive effects in pre-clinical models, including improving insulin-mediated metabolism while reducing inflammation and tumor growth. Therefore, we hypothesized that a diet supplemented with naringenin would prevent the progression of cancer cachexia by inhibiting body weight loss, improving insulin sensitivity, and decreasing inflammation in a mouse model of cancer cachexia. We examined the effects of 2% dietary naringenin on changes in food intake, body weight, body composition, muscle function, insulin tolerance, and inflammatory status in the Colon 26 mouse model. Naringenin-fed tumor-bearing mice exhibited body weight loss and decreased food intake earlier than tumor-bearing mice fed control diets. Dietary naringenin was protective against loss of muscle strength and attenuated the onset of insulin resistance and markers of inflammation compared to tumor-bearing mice fed a control diet. Dietary naringenin improved multiple aspects of metabolic disturbances and inflammation during cancer cachexia progression in [C-26 tumor-bearing] mice. These findings establish a strong link between inflammation and insulin resistance as drivers of the progression of cancer cachexia and provide further understanding of how dysregulated metabolism impacts the loss of muscle strength and mass. Through its anti-inflammatory properties, dietary naringenin may be a useful therapeutic tool to improve quality of life and attenuate the progression of cancer cachexia. The second objective of this research was to investigate the effect of dietary oils differing in their fatty acid composition on observations of metabolic syndrome progression in the ob/ob mouse model of obesity. One-third of adults in the US have metabolic syndrome, characterized as a set of clinical observations including high blood glucose, low HDL and high LDL-cholesterol, high blood triglyceride levels, hypertension, obesity, and increased abdominal adiposity. Studies have shown the metabolic benefits of replacing saturated fats in the diet with monounsaturated fats or polyunsaturated fats; however, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are rarely compared in terms of their effects on measures of metabolic health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether compared to a 6% by weight fat diet supplemented with palm oil (PO), diets supplemented with linoleic-rich safflower oil (LO) or oleic-rich safflower oil (OO) would improve metabolic outcomes associated with increased disease risk in ob/ob mice. After 41 days of diet treatment, dietary energy intake was the same in all three diet groups, yet OO and LO groups exhibited reductions in percent adiposity. Interestingly, only mice consuming LO diet, but not OO diet, were resistant to decline in skeletal muscle mass. In addition, the LO group exhibited changes in gene expression profiles related to decreased adipocyte expansion in epidydimal white adipose tissue, suggesting that the lipid profiles in OO and LO oils may be exerting their beneficial effects on metabolic status through different regulatory mechanisms. To gain a better understanding of how these dietary oils impact parameters of metabolic syndrome, future studies will evaluate the potential effects of OO and LO diets on adipocyte size and insulin sensitivity in obese mice. The third objective of this research was to examine the effect of dietary oils differing in their fatty acid composition on cardiolipin speciation in skeletal muscle of healthy mice. Cardiolipin is a unique glycerophospholipid only found in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes. Alterations in cardiolipin speciation have been implicated in conditions of metabolic dysregulation. While well-documented in the heart, little is known about the desired profile of cardiolipin in skeletal muscle for optimal mitochondrial function. Dietary fat consumption, a modifiable lifestyle factor shown be related to metabolic disease risk, has also been reported to be a modulator of cardiolipin quantity and species. However, how these dietary fats may impact skeletal muscle CL has not been reported. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether compared to the PO diet, LO and OO diets would (1) improve metabolic outcomes and (2) alter cardiolipin speciation, oxidated or peroxidated cardiolipin species, or improve mitochondrial activity in healthy, non-obese mice. Dietary fatty acid composition in liver, skeletal muscle, and plasma reflected dietary intake; however, there was no effect of diet on food intake, body weight, body composition, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial capacity, or gene expression of cardiolipin synthesis, remodeling, or mitochondrial genes. Mice fed the LO and PO diets exhibited fewer oxidated and peroxidated cardiolipins compared to mice fed the OO diet, suggesting that the FA profile in the OO diet yields less susceptibility to cardiolipin remodeling and may contribute to mitochondrial membrane damage. The LO group exhibited increased mitochondrial linoleic acid-derived oxylipins in skeletal muscle, which may confer a positive metabolic benefit through cell signaling mechanisms. Finally, we identified that only in LO-treated mice does cardiolipin predict for citrate synthase activity, a measure of mitochondrial capacity. These findings suggest that although only minor changes in skeletal muscle were observed, dietary fatty acid composition may have a resultant impact on metabolism through fatty acid availability for incorporation into cardiolipin.
Author: Dilip Ghosh Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128206101 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 478
Book Description
Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond focuses on a variety of health disorders where intervention with nutritional supplements prove valuable, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, autism, and attention-deficit disorder in children. In addition, Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond addresses "herb-nutra psychiatry" which is a field of research focused on developing a comprehensive, cohesive, and scientifically rigorous evidence base to shift conceptual thinking around the role of diet and nutrition in mental health.Intended for nutrition researchers, nutritionists, dieticians, regulatory bodies, health professionals, and students studying related fields, Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond will be a useful reference in understanding the links between nutrition and brain health. - Addresses nutritional psychiatry and cognitive health at all stages of the lifespan - Contains extensive coverage of vitamins, minerals, botanicals, and other nutrients - Offers novel insight into cognitive dysfunctions including depression and other neurodegenerative disorders - Explores the role of genomics and epigenetics, including discussion of the gut–brain axis
Author: Shagufta Perveen Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1789847761 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 154
Book Description
Terpenes belong to the diverse class of chemical constituents isolated from materials found in nature (plants, fungi, insects, marine organisms, plant pathogens, animals and endophytes). These metabolites have simple to complex structures derived from Isopentyl diphosphate (IPP), dimethyl allyl diphosphate (DMAPP), mevalonate and deoxyxylulose biosynthetic pathways. Terpenes play a very important role in human health and have significant biological activities (anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiallergic, skin permeation enhancer, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-insecticidal). This book gives an overview and highlights recent research in the phytochemical and biological understanding of terpenes and terpenoid and explains the most essential functions of these kinds of secondary metabolites isolated from natural sources.
Author: Derick Han Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482236982 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 522
Book Description
" excellent, well-organized, and timely."-Lester Packer and Enrique Cardenas, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, from the Series PrefaceThe liver is a vital organ that is responsible for a wide range of functions, most of which are essential for survival. The multitude of functions the liver performs makes it vulnerable to a wide range
Author: M. Mohamed Essa Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319283839 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 497
Book Description
Focuses on the effects of natural products and their active components on brain function and neurodegenerative disease prevention. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenes, flavanoids, isoflavones, saponins etc are known to possess protective activity against many neurological diseases. The molecular mechanisms behind the curative effects rely mainly on the action of phytonutrients on distinct signaling pathways associated with protein folding and neuro-inflammation. The diverse array of bioactive nutrients present in these natural products plays a pivotal role in prevention and cure of various neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, or insults, such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, traumatic brain injury, and other neuronal dysfunctions. However, the use of these antioxidants in the management of neurodegenerative conditions has so far been not well understood. This is a comprehensive collection addressing the effects on the brain of natural products and edible items such as reservatrol, curcumin, gingerol, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and marine products.
Author: Herminia Domínguez Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3036502645 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 230
Book Description
Phenolic compounds are an extremely diverse class of ubiquitous secondary metabolites produced by a variety of organisms playing different biological roles. They have numerous types of demonstrated bioactivities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, immunomodulator, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Marine organisms produce a vast collection of unique phenolic structures, some of them not found in terrestrial habitats. Progress in different aspects is rapidly advancing, and this Special Issue will provide updated information and recent studies on marine phenolics. Specially, this issue is focused on their chemical characterization, elucidation of their structures, evaluation of their biological properties and mechanisms of action, efficient extraction and purification technologies, development of value-added applications, as well as formulation of novel products.
Author: Michel Félétou Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers ISBN: 1615041230 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 309
Book Description
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Author: Julio Plaza-Díaz Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3039369164 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 416
Book Description
Health is defined as “the state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease”. Surprisingly, the words “microbes” or “microorganism” are missing in this definition. The regulation of gut microbiota is mediated by an enormous quantity of aspects, such as microbiological factors, host characteristics, diet patterns, and environmental variables. Some protective, structural, and metabolic functions have been reported for gut microbiota, and these functions are related to the regulation of homeostasis and host health. Host defense against pathogens is, in part, mediated through gut microbiota action and requires intimate interpretation of the current microenvironment and discrimination between commensal and occasional bacteria. The present Special Issue provides a summary of the progress on the topic of intestinal microbiota and its important role in human health in different populations. This Special Issue will be of great interest from a clinical and public health perspective. Nevertheless, more studies with more samples and comparable methods are necessary to understand the actual function of intestinal microbiota in disease development and health maintenance.
Author: Lawrence H. Lash Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483218619 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 527
Book Description
Methods in Toxicology, Volume 2: Mitochondrial Dysfunction provides a source of methods, techniques, and experimental approaches for studying the role of abnormal mitochondrial function in cell injury. The book discusses the methods for the preparation and basic functional assessment of mitochondria from liver, kidney, muscle, and brain; the methods for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in intact organs; and the structural aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are addressed. The text also describes chemical detoxification and metabolism as well as specific metabolic reactions that are especially important targets or indicators of damage. The methods for measurement of alterations in fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and for the analysis and manipulation of oxidative injury and antioxidant systems are also considered. The book further tackles additional methods on mitochondrial energetics and transport processes; approaches for assessing impaired function of mitochondria; and genetic and developmental aspects of mitochondrial disease and toxicology. The text also looks into mitochondrial DNA synthesis, covalent binding to mitochondrial DNA, DNA repair, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of developing individuals and cellular differentiation. Microbiologists, toxicologists, biochemists, and molecular pharmacologists will find the book invaluable.
Author: Deena B. Snoke
Author: Georg Hennemann
Author: Dilip Ghosh
Author: Shagufta Perveen
Author: Derick Han
Author: M. Mohamed Essa
Author: Herminia Domínguez
Author: Michel Félétou
Author: Julio Plaza-Díaz
Author: Lawrence H. Lash