Investigation of the Role of Chemical Composition on the Weathering and Emulsification Behaviour of North Sea Crude Oil PDF Download
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Author: Joachim Johnson Awaka-ama Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The exploration, production, transportation and refining of petroleum often pose great technical and environmental challenges to the oil and gas industry. It is therefore extremely important to reliably predict and control fluid behaviour, in order to optimize production cost and for purposes of potential environmental pollution in the oil and gas operational activities. The investigations in this work focuses upon North Sea crude oils. In view of the fact that the North Sea crude oils are derived from the same source rock (Kimmeridge), they would be expected to have the same chemistry, but however, they tend to behave differently. The objectives of the research were to develop a better understanding of the effect of temperature and time on evaporation rate and its role in modifying the rate of weathering of North Sea crude oils on seawater. In this research, the chemistry of the oils was investigated to see the relationship to their emulsification behaviour. In the first part of this thesis, the weathering behaviour of four North Sea crude oils were investigated, in particular the evaporation, using a novel evaporation method. It was observed that the rate of evaporation varied between the North Sea oils. Evaporation of emulsified oil differed to unemulsified oil. North Sea crude oils of different states of weathering were emulsified and their viscosities and water contents measured. The four oils produced emulsion types of different viscosities and states of stability. The effects of degree of weathering of oils on emulsion states were assessed. The chemistry of the four North Sea crudes was investigated using a range of analytical techniques. The oils were fractionated by SARA analysis to produce saturates, aliphatic, resins and asphaltene fractions, prior to chemical analyses, using a range of analytical techniques (The crude oils were fractionated and the fractions analyzed for their chemical compositions). The compositions of the four crude oils differed to one another. From these analyses, a number of parameters were selected to characterize the oils. These were polarity, aromaticity and alkyl side chain. These data were used in a modeling study. The asphaltenes from the North Sea crudes investigated were substituted into both synthetic and model oils to study the effect on emulsification. It was observed that the asphaltenes had an effect on the emulsification behaviour. The behavior of modeled asphaltene structures based on the chemical characterization data was found to correlate with the emulsification behavior of the North Sea crudes investigated.
Author: Joachim Johnson Awaka-ama Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The exploration, production, transportation and refining of petroleum often pose great technical and environmental challenges to the oil and gas industry. It is therefore extremely important to reliably predict and control fluid behaviour, in order to optimize production cost and for purposes of potential environmental pollution in the oil and gas operational activities. The investigations in this work focuses upon North Sea crude oils. In view of the fact that the North Sea crude oils are derived from the same source rock (Kimmeridge), they would be expected to have the same chemistry, but however, they tend to behave differently. The objectives of the research were to develop a better understanding of the effect of temperature and time on evaporation rate and its role in modifying the rate of weathering of North Sea crude oils on seawater. In this research, the chemistry of the oils was investigated to see the relationship to their emulsification behaviour. In the first part of this thesis, the weathering behaviour of four North Sea crude oils were investigated, in particular the evaporation, using a novel evaporation method. It was observed that the rate of evaporation varied between the North Sea oils. Evaporation of emulsified oil differed to unemulsified oil. North Sea crude oils of different states of weathering were emulsified and their viscosities and water contents measured. The four oils produced emulsion types of different viscosities and states of stability. The effects of degree of weathering of oils on emulsion states were assessed. The chemistry of the four North Sea crudes was investigated using a range of analytical techniques. The oils were fractionated by SARA analysis to produce saturates, aliphatic, resins and asphaltene fractions, prior to chemical analyses, using a range of analytical techniques (The crude oils were fractionated and the fractions analyzed for their chemical compositions). The compositions of the four crude oils differed to one another. From these analyses, a number of parameters were selected to characterize the oils. These were polarity, aromaticity and alkyl side chain. These data were used in a modeling study. The asphaltenes from the North Sea crudes investigated were substituted into both synthetic and model oils to study the effect on emulsification. It was observed that the asphaltenes had an effect on the emulsification behaviour. The behavior of modeled asphaltene structures based on the chemical characterization data was found to correlate with the emulsification behavior of the North Sea crudes investigated.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309084385 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 278
Book Description
Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Author: James R. Payne Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351092383 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 114
Book Description
This book covers research completed between 1981 and May 1985 and includes: reviews of recent studies, sitings and investigations at spills-of-opportunity as well as results of recent arctic and sub-Arctic oil weathering experiments and observations on the behavior of crude oil in the presence of ice. Topics covered include the following: laboratory studies of formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions; selected case histories of the more detailed chemistry studies of mousse behavior and long term fate in near-coastal and open ocean oil spills/blowouts; tar ball formation and distribution; and algorithms and computer programs to simulate the formation of water-in-oil emulsion.
Author: Shweta D. Mehta Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
An understanding of the processes involved in oil spills, and how they interact to alter the composition and behavior of the oil with respect to time is essential to determine an effective oil spill response. The review of past research has shown more focus on the laboratory methods and computerized modeling schemes to estimate the formation and breaking of emulsions after an oil spill. However, relatively less effort has gone into the study of emulsions corresponding to actual field conditions. This research aims to simulate an oil spill at sea by developing a new technique to make water in oil emulsions, without disturbing the marine wildlife. Further, this research also attempts to analyze the viscosities of water in oil emulsions and determine appropriate emulsion breakers for different crude oil emulsions. The overall test design for the study includes a test apparatus for spreading and evaporation, three different crude oils, a mixing chamber to form the emulsion, and emulsion breakers. Experiments in this research attempt to gain a better understanding of the processes that occur after oil spills at sea. In particular, the rate of evaporation of different crude oils and the formation of crude oil emulsions on the sea surface have been investigated. It was observed that different crude oils behave differently when subjected to the same weathering procedure. Results indicate that the behavior of the crude oil on the sea surface, subjected to spreading, evaporation, and emulsification, can be predicted by using the new technique developed in this research. This technique can also assist the development of effective recovery equipments and materials.
Author: Manar Abdel-Raouf Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535102206 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 244
Book Description
Petroleum "black gold" is the most important nonrenewable source of energy. It is a complex mixture of different phases and components. Refining it provides a vast number of organic compounds, all of them of which are used to produce petroleum based products for numerous applications, from industry to medicine, from clothing to food industries. We can find petroleum based products all around us. This book deals with some important topics related to petroleum such as its chemical composition and stability. It is well-known that the chemical composition of crude oil differs according to the site of production, and its grade varies from waxy to asphaltenic crude. Both of them are refined to produce different products. The stability of crude oil on aging and transportation is governed by several factors and these factors are included within this book. Some new technologies for petroleum characterization are also introduced. This book is aimed at researchers, chemical engineers and people working within the petroleum industry.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309034795 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 619
Book Description
This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier National Academy of Sciences book. It is the result of an intensive multidisciplinary effort to assess the problems relating to petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Specifically, it examines the inputs, analytical methods, fates, and effects of petroleum in the marine environment. The section on effects has been expanded significantly, reflecting the extensive scientific effort put forth in determining the effects of petroleum on marine organisms. Other topics discussed include petroleum contamination in specific geographical areas, the potential hazards of this contamination to human health, the impact of oil-related activities in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the potential impact of petroleum on fisheries.
Author: James R. Payne Publisher: ISBN: 9781523118236 Category : Emulsions Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This book covers research completed between 1981 and May 1985 and includes: reviews of recent studies, sitings and investigations at spills-of-opportunity as well as results of recent arctic and sub-Arctic oil weathering experiments and observations on the behavior of crude oil in the presence of ice. Topics covered include the following: laboratory studies of formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions; selected case histories of the more detailed chemistry studies of mousse behavior and long term fate in near-coastal and open ocean oil spills/blowouts; tar ball formation and distribution; and algorithms and computer programs to simulate the formation of water-in-oil emulsion.
Author: Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects Publisher: ISBN: Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 408
Book Description
Approximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into U.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents, and other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the chemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that physically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface slick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants has long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information and ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill response technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal ecosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers faced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency planning efforts or during actual spills.
Author: Joachim Johnson Awaka-ama
Author: Joachim Johnson Awaka-ama
Author: National Research Council
Author: James R. Payne
Author: Shweta D. Mehta
Author: Manar Abdel-Raouf
Author: National Research Council
Author: James R. Payne
Author: Mark Bobra
Author: 
Author: Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects