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Author: Neil P. Barton Publisher: ISBN: 9781124479354 Category : Clouds Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This dissertation examines two decades of Arctic cloud cover data and the variability in Arctic clouds with relation to changes in sea ice using observational and reanalysis data, as well as a state-of-the-art mesoscale model. Decadal length Arctic cloud cover data are examined because of the inherent differences within these measurements that have not been explored in previous research. Cloud cover data are analyzed from regions poleward of 60°N from several sources of visual surface observations including surface remotely sensed measurements at two locations, two spaced-based passive remotely sensed datasets (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder extended (APPx) and Television Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Polar Pathfinder (TPP)), and one reanalysis dataset (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Reanalysis (ERA-40)) are compared. The passive remotely sensed data are sensitive to surface type. Cloud amounts from the APPx and TPP decrease with increases in sea ice concentrations. In comparison to the surface remotely sensed measurements over sea ice, the APPx and TPP cloud amounts are consistently low. The ERA-40 output cloud cover not contain a sharp decrease from water to ice surfaces, and compares reasonably with the remotely sensed surface measurements over sea ice. During the northern hemisphere winter at land stations, the TPP and ERA-40 cloud amounts are similar. This is most likely a result of the ERA-40 model using TOVS irradiances as input data. The APPx and surface cloud amounts are similar during all seasons, but they are not in precise agreement with the TPP/ERA-40 values. Cloud amounts from the ERA-40 are also most similar to surface measurements in regions where radiosonde data are used as input. Cloud radiative forcing calculated from the ERA-40 output is examined with relation to sea ice concentrations using 20 years of data. The radiative effect of clouds varies linearly with sea ice concentrations during the winter and spring. This relationship is most statistically significant in the North Atlantic region, but statistically significant relationships also occurring the northern Pacific. Statistically significant correlations do not occur during the summer months. By calculating differences in cloud amount during low and high sea ice concentration summers, greater cloud cover amounts occur with decreases in sea ice in the Arctic poleward of the Pacific at the 80 percent statistical significant level. In October, clouds are varying with relation to sea ice near the sea ice edge. One-month lag relationships are calculated to examine if the cloud radiative forcing terms are changing before or after changes in sea ice concentration. Changes in the longwave radiative forcing of clouds occurs before changes in sea ice concentrations and surface temperatures in the North Atlantic region. Cloud radiative forcing, sea ice concentrations, and surface temperatures are interrelated in this region, and may be forced by the same physical mechanism. The response of Arctic clouds and surface radiative properties is examined using the polar version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional model over the Laptev Sea. WRF is run for four Septembers and Octobers with anomalously low and high sea ice concentrations. Differences in the surface radiative forcing, cloud radiative forcing, cloud properties and the surface heat budget are examined for the composite low and high years. In both months, there are more clouds during low sea ice years. WRF produces more low-level liquid cloud amount during years without sea ice. The increase in clouds during low sea ice years corresponds with an increase in downwelling longwave radiation, and hence longwave cloud radiative forcing. Increases in downwelling longwave radiation during low sea ice years are canceled by the increased amount of upwelling longwave radiation, which is a result of warmer surface skin temperatures. In September, the decrease in surface albedo associated with sea ice retreat/melt results in an increased net surface radiation during low sea ice years. In October, the changes in net surface radiation are not statistically significant. After the Arctic solar night begins, during times with no sea ice, large latent and sensible heat upward surface fluxes aids in the deepening of the boundary layer and preventing the formation of the typical Arctic inversion. In WRF, the increases in cloud water liquid content and downwelling longwave radiation, in low sea ice years, seems to be a result of increased open water, while the changes in the boundary layer are the result of changes in the surface radiative fluxes.
Author: Neil P. Barton Publisher: ISBN: 9781124479354 Category : Clouds Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This dissertation examines two decades of Arctic cloud cover data and the variability in Arctic clouds with relation to changes in sea ice using observational and reanalysis data, as well as a state-of-the-art mesoscale model. Decadal length Arctic cloud cover data are examined because of the inherent differences within these measurements that have not been explored in previous research. Cloud cover data are analyzed from regions poleward of 60°N from several sources of visual surface observations including surface remotely sensed measurements at two locations, two spaced-based passive remotely sensed datasets (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder extended (APPx) and Television Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Polar Pathfinder (TPP)), and one reanalysis dataset (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Reanalysis (ERA-40)) are compared. The passive remotely sensed data are sensitive to surface type. Cloud amounts from the APPx and TPP decrease with increases in sea ice concentrations. In comparison to the surface remotely sensed measurements over sea ice, the APPx and TPP cloud amounts are consistently low. The ERA-40 output cloud cover not contain a sharp decrease from water to ice surfaces, and compares reasonably with the remotely sensed surface measurements over sea ice. During the northern hemisphere winter at land stations, the TPP and ERA-40 cloud amounts are similar. This is most likely a result of the ERA-40 model using TOVS irradiances as input data. The APPx and surface cloud amounts are similar during all seasons, but they are not in precise agreement with the TPP/ERA-40 values. Cloud amounts from the ERA-40 are also most similar to surface measurements in regions where radiosonde data are used as input. Cloud radiative forcing calculated from the ERA-40 output is examined with relation to sea ice concentrations using 20 years of data. The radiative effect of clouds varies linearly with sea ice concentrations during the winter and spring. This relationship is most statistically significant in the North Atlantic region, but statistically significant relationships also occurring the northern Pacific. Statistically significant correlations do not occur during the summer months. By calculating differences in cloud amount during low and high sea ice concentration summers, greater cloud cover amounts occur with decreases in sea ice in the Arctic poleward of the Pacific at the 80 percent statistical significant level. In October, clouds are varying with relation to sea ice near the sea ice edge. One-month lag relationships are calculated to examine if the cloud radiative forcing terms are changing before or after changes in sea ice concentration. Changes in the longwave radiative forcing of clouds occurs before changes in sea ice concentrations and surface temperatures in the North Atlantic region. Cloud radiative forcing, sea ice concentrations, and surface temperatures are interrelated in this region, and may be forced by the same physical mechanism. The response of Arctic clouds and surface radiative properties is examined using the polar version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional model over the Laptev Sea. WRF is run for four Septembers and Octobers with anomalously low and high sea ice concentrations. Differences in the surface radiative forcing, cloud radiative forcing, cloud properties and the surface heat budget are examined for the composite low and high years. In both months, there are more clouds during low sea ice years. WRF produces more low-level liquid cloud amount during years without sea ice. The increase in clouds during low sea ice years corresponds with an increase in downwelling longwave radiation, and hence longwave cloud radiative forcing. Increases in downwelling longwave radiation during low sea ice years are canceled by the increased amount of upwelling longwave radiation, which is a result of warmer surface skin temperatures. In September, the decrease in surface albedo associated with sea ice retreat/melt results in an increased net surface radiation during low sea ice years. In October, the changes in net surface radiation are not statistically significant. After the Arctic solar night begins, during times with no sea ice, large latent and sensible heat upward surface fluxes aids in the deepening of the boundary layer and preventing the formation of the typical Arctic inversion. In WRF, the increases in cloud water liquid content and downwelling longwave radiation, in low sea ice years, seems to be a result of increased open water, while the changes in the boundary layer are the result of changes in the surface radiative fluxes.
Author: Peter Lemke Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400720270 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 473
Book Description
The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on earth. Over the next 100 years, climate change is expected to accelerate, contributing to major physical, ecological, social, and economic changes, many of which have already begun. Changes in arctic climate will also affect the rest of the world through increased global warming and rising sea levels. The volume addresses the following major topics: - Research results in observing aspects of the Arctic climate system and its processes across a range of time and space scales - Representation of cryospheric, atmospheric, and oceanic processes in models, including simulation of their interaction with coupled models - Our understanding of the role of the Arctic in the global climate system, its response to large-scale climate variations, and the processes involved.
Author: Manfred Wendisch Publisher: ISBN: 9783777623863 Category : Atmospheric radiation Languages : en Pages : 34
Book Description
A presentation given at the regular plenary session of the Academy of Sciences of Saxony in Leipzig (Germany) on October 12, 2012, is thoroughly summarized. Additional aspects important to the theme but not covered in the talk have been added to complete the text. The characteristic conditions and processes leading to the so-called Arctic amplification are outlined. The phenomenon of Arctic amplification comprises an enhanced variability and amplified increase of the near-surface air temperature in the Arctic in comparison to the average near-surface warming at lower latitudes. Observations and simulations show the magnitude of the observed Arctic near-surface air temperature increase is more than double the air temperature increase at lower latitudes. To illustrate the phenomenon of Arctic amplification, several examples of observed Arctic near-surface air temperature increases are presented. In general, Arctic amplification also implies serious Arctic climate changes other than near-surface air temperature, such as the dramatic summer melting of Arctic Sea ice and the Greenland ice sheet, and the decrease of snow cover and surface albedo of the Greenland ice sheet. Numerous reasons for the Arctic climate changes are discussed; the direct and indirect surface albedo feedback and the related increase of near-surface water vapor and cloudiness, meridional heat and water vapor transports in the atmosphere and ocean, and increased soot amounts in both the atmosphere and snow/ice surfaces. The special role of low-level clouds under Arctic conditions (low Sun, polar day and night, high surface albedo) for the self-enforcing amplification processes is described. In particular, the impact of ice in Arctic mixed-phase clouds on the cloud radiative forcing is investigated. Methods of ice detection in mixed-phase Arctic clouds are presented along with verification examples.
Author: Jiaxiong Pi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 206
Book Description
Recent climate modeling results highlighted the Arctic as a region of importance and vulnerability to global climate change. The ability to understand and simulate cloud and radiative properties is of central importance to our understanding of the Arctic climate system. The mesoscale model GESIMA is used to simulate microphysical properties and radiation process of Arctic clouds. For an idealized case, the cloud module is tested in a vertical column to study the importance of individual microphysical processes and the model's sensitivity to aerosol number concentration. For the three-dimensional simulations, the comparisons between simulations and observations show that the GESIMA model can capture the main processes in the clouds. For two aerosol scenarios, the simulation results show that the anthropogenic aerosol can alter microphysical properties of Arctic clouds, and consequently surface precipitation and radiation budget. The three-dimensional GESIMA model is sensitive to depositional nucleation process. These different parameterizations of the process have a significant effect on Ice Water Path (IWP), surface precipitation and radiation at the top of atmosphere.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309492432 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 29
Book Description
We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018) provides detailed guidance on how relevant federal agencies can ensure that the United States receives the maximum benefit from its investments in Earth observations from space, while operating within realistic cost constraints. This short booklet, designed to be accessible to the general public, provides a summary of the key ideas and recommendations from the full decadal survey report.
Author: Alexander Kokhanovsky Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030335666 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 723
Book Description
This book presents current knowledge on chemistry and physics of Arctic atmosphere. Special attention is given to studies of the Arctic haze phenomenon, Arctic tropospheric clouds, Arctic fog, polar stratospheric and mesospheric clouds, atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics and radiative transfer as related to the polar environment. The atmosphere-cryosphere feedbacks and atmospheric remote sensing techniques are presented in detail. The problems of climate change in the Arctic are also addressed.
Author: Ming Zhao Publisher: ISBN: 9781303050398 Category : Arctic regions Languages : en Pages : 93
Book Description
The Arctic is a region that is very sensitive to global climate change while also experiencing significant changes in its surface air temperature, sea-ice cover, atmospheric circulation, precipitation, snowfall, biogeochemical cycling, and land surface. Although previous studies have shown that the arctic clouds play an important role in the arctic climate changes, the arctic clouds are poorly understood and simulated in climate model due to limited observations. Furthermore, most of the studies were based on short-term experiments and typically only cover the warm seasons, which do not provide a full understanding of the seasonal cycle of arctic clouds. To address the above concerns and to improve our understanding of arctic clouds, six years of observational and retrieval data from 1999 to 2004 at the Atmospheric Radiation Management (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Barrow site are used to understand the arctic clouds and related radiative processes. In particular, we focus on the liquid-ice mass partition in the mixed-phase cloud layer. Statistical results show that aerosol type and concentration are important factors that impact the mixed-phase stratus (MPS) cloud microphysical properties: liquid water path (LWP) and liquid water fraction (LWF) decrease with the increase of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration; the high dust loading and dust occurrence in the spring are possible reasons for the much lower LWF than the other seasons. The importance of liquid-ice mass partition on surface radiation budgets was analyzed by comparing cloud longwave radiative forcings under the same LWP but different ice water path (IWP) ranges. Results show the ice phase enhance the surface cloud longwave (LW) forcing by 8~9 W m−2 in the moderately thin MPS. This result provides an observational evidence on the aerosol glaciation effect in the moderately thin MPS, which is largely unknown so far. The above new insights are important to guide the model parameterizations of liquid-ice mass partition in arctic mixed-phase clouds, and are served as a test bed to cloud models and cloud microphysical schemes. The observational data between 1999 and 2007 are used to assess the performance of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model in the Arctic region. The ECMWF model-simulated near-surface humidity had seasonal dependent biases as large as 20%, while also experiencing difficulty representing boundary layer (BL) temperature inversion height and strength during the transition seasons. Although the ECMWF model captured the seasonal variation of surface heat fluxes, it had sensible heat flux biases over 20 W m−2 in most of the cold months. Furthermore, even though the model captured the general seasonal variations of low-level cloud fraction (LCF) and LWP, it still overestimated the LCF by 20% or more and underestimated the LWP over 50% in the cold season. On average, the ECMWF model underestimated LWP by ~30 g m−2 but more accurately predicted ice water path for BL clouds. For BL mixed-phase clouds, the model predicted water-ice mass partition was significantly lower than the observations, largely due to the temperature dependence of water-ice mass partition used in the model. The new cloud and BL schemes of the ECMWF model that were implemented after 2003 only resulted in minor improvements in BL cloud simulations in summer. These results indicate that significant improvements in cold season BL and mixed-phase cloud processes in the model are needed. In this study, single-layer MPS clouds were simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model under different microphysical schemes and different ice nuclei (IN) number concentrations. Results show that by using proper IN concentration, the WRF model incorporated with Morrison microphysical scheme can reasonably capture the observed seasonal differences in temperature dependent liquid-ice mass partition. However, WRF simulations underestimate both LWP and IWP indicating its deficiency in capturing the radiative impacts of arctic MPS clouds.
Author: Neil P. Barton
Author: Neil P. Barton
Author: Peter Lemke
Author: Manfred Wendisch
Author: Jiaxiong Pi
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Alexander Kokhanovsky
Author: Anne Sledd
Author: Ming Zhao
Author: 
Author: K. A. Browning