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Author: Ellen Huiskamp Esch Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
Vegetation feedbacks to ecosystem processes represent a major source of uncertainty in climate change scenarios. In Southern California's historically shrub-dominated ecosystems, increasing drought severity and invasions by exotic species represent two major consequences of global change, but it is unclear how they interact to influence ecosystem processes. In this dissertation, I tested the hypothesis that invasion can alter ecosystem response to drought. Chapter 1 shows that drought reduces ecosystem capacity for carbon gain, especially in areas with invaded vegetation. Invasion increased the phenological sensitivity of green-up and senescence dates and shortened the growing season in response to drought. This demonstrates that invasion can influence ecosystem responses to climate change when native and invading species differ in phenological sensitivity to environmental cues. Chapter 2 moves belowground and shows in a laboratory experiment that soil moisture limits microbial respiration and extracellular enzyme activity. Exotic litter stimulated microbial activity more than native litter, but only under high soil moisture. This suggests that invasion can increase microbial activity in soil, an effect most apparent in high rainfall years. Chapter 3 relates these findings to litter decomposition. Within a field experiment, invasion increased above-ground litter decomposition sensitivity to drought via two mechanisms: 1) increased litter quality, and 2) reduced canopy density allowing for greater photodegradation of the litter layer. Below-ground, drought limited root decomposition rates by restricting microbial activity. These results demonstrate that litter quality, litter position, site aridity, and exposure to photodegradation interact to control litter decomposition rates. Chapter 4 evaluates potential shifts in the relative role of biotic and abiotic decomposition processes and shows that ultraviolet (UV) radiation differentially affects mass loss depending on litter identity. This chapter indicates that UV radiation influence on litter decomposition is less generalizable across species than originally proposed and suggests that the influence of abiotic decomposition depends more on canopy architecture and other microclimate influences than site aridity. In sum, this dissertation shows that invasion strongly alters ecosystem response to drought, as measured through productivity, decomposition, and microbial functionality, and indicates that predictions of ecosystem response to future climate change should account for invasive species' projected spread.
Author: Ellen Huiskamp Esch Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
Vegetation feedbacks to ecosystem processes represent a major source of uncertainty in climate change scenarios. In Southern California's historically shrub-dominated ecosystems, increasing drought severity and invasions by exotic species represent two major consequences of global change, but it is unclear how they interact to influence ecosystem processes. In this dissertation, I tested the hypothesis that invasion can alter ecosystem response to drought. Chapter 1 shows that drought reduces ecosystem capacity for carbon gain, especially in areas with invaded vegetation. Invasion increased the phenological sensitivity of green-up and senescence dates and shortened the growing season in response to drought. This demonstrates that invasion can influence ecosystem responses to climate change when native and invading species differ in phenological sensitivity to environmental cues. Chapter 2 moves belowground and shows in a laboratory experiment that soil moisture limits microbial respiration and extracellular enzyme activity. Exotic litter stimulated microbial activity more than native litter, but only under high soil moisture. This suggests that invasion can increase microbial activity in soil, an effect most apparent in high rainfall years. Chapter 3 relates these findings to litter decomposition. Within a field experiment, invasion increased above-ground litter decomposition sensitivity to drought via two mechanisms: 1) increased litter quality, and 2) reduced canopy density allowing for greater photodegradation of the litter layer. Below-ground, drought limited root decomposition rates by restricting microbial activity. These results demonstrate that litter quality, litter position, site aridity, and exposure to photodegradation interact to control litter decomposition rates. Chapter 4 evaluates potential shifts in the relative role of biotic and abiotic decomposition processes and shows that ultraviolet (UV) radiation differentially affects mass loss depending on litter identity. This chapter indicates that UV radiation influence on litter decomposition is less generalizable across species than originally proposed and suggests that the influence of abiotic decomposition depends more on canopy architecture and other microclimate influences than site aridity. In sum, this dissertation shows that invasion strongly alters ecosystem response to drought, as measured through productivity, decomposition, and microbial functionality, and indicates that predictions of ecosystem response to future climate change should account for invasive species' projected spread.
Author: Harold Mooney Publisher: Univ of California Press ISBN: 0520278801 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 1008
Book Description
This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for CaliforniaÕs remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem typeÑits distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of CaliforniaÕs ecological patterns and the history of the stateÕs various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the stateÕs ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of CaliforniaÕs environment and curious naturalists.
Author: Therese M. Poland Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030453677 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 455
Book Description
This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.
Author: Chandler Puritty Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 98
Book Description
Species interactions in invaded ecosystems are important to understand for predicting future changes in the system and are particularly crucial in the context of global climate change and increasing climate variability. Southern California's predominately shrub dominated ecosystems are being invaded by exotic annual species and are predicted to experience increasingly severe drought. It remains unclear how these shifts in species composition combined with inter-annual climate variability may leave a legacy that affects ecosystem functioning beyond the duration of the disturbance. In this dissertation, I tested the hypothesis that invasion can alter ecosystem function and recovery from drought. Chapter 1 shows that traits rather than fitness differences are most important when predicting competitive outcomes between native and exotic focal species. I found that different combinations of traits may aid in determining which species are most likely to strongly compete with invaders versus those that will be competitively suppressed by invaders. This demonstrates the complexity of the interactions between the native and exotic species in their immediate interactions. Chapter 2 scales up to see how these competitive interactions play out at the ecosystem level in a natural system. I found that native biomass was more resistant to changes in response to drought but that exotic biomass was more resilient in returning to pre-drought abundances in its recovery from drought. The greater decline in exotic biomass with drought was likely driven by life-history differences between native and exotic species in this system, where exotic species are more likely to have an annual life history, and native species are more likely to be perennial. This chapter demonstrated that when exotic and native species differ in life history they may also vary in their resistance and resiliency in response to climate extremes such as drought. Chapter 3 documents how the shifting species composition observed in chapter 2 influenced ecosystem functioning during recovery from drought, particularly with regard to phenology. I found that the most severe drought plots exhibited higher abundances of species with longer blooming phenology duration and ecosystem level shift towards later phenology. I showed that drought can leave a multi-year legacy on these communities that continues once the disturbance has ended. In sum this dissertation shows that invasion alters ecosystem recovery from severe drought as measured by productivity, biomass, and ecosystem level phenology and indicates the importance of evaluating the impact of a disturbance even once recovery has begun.
Author: Michael Barbour Publisher: Univ of California Press ISBN: 0520249550 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 732
Book Description
"This completely new edition of Terrestrial Vegetation of California clearly documents the extraordinary complexity and richness of the plant communities and of the state and the forces that shape them. This volume is a storehouse of information of value to anyone concerned with meeting the challenge of understanding, managing or conserving these unique plant communities under the growing threats of climate change, biological invasions and development."—Harold Mooney, Professor of Environmental Biology, Stanford University "The plants of California are under threat like never before. Traditional pressures of development and invasive species have been joined by a newly-recognized threat: human-caused climate change. It is essential that we thoroughly understand current plant community dynamics in order to have a hope of conserving them. This book represents an important, well-timed advance in knowledge of the vegetation of this diverse state and is an essential resource for professionals, students, and the general public alike."—Brent Mishler, Director of the University & Jepson Herbaria and Professor of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
Author: Mark R. Stromberg Publisher: Univ of California Press ISBN: 9780520252202 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 416
Book Description
"This highly synthetic and scholarly work brings together new and important scientific contributions by leading experts on a rich diversity of topics concerning the history, ecology, and conservation of California's endangered grasslands. The editors and authors have succeeded admirably in drawing from a great wealth of recent research to produce a widely accessible and compelling, state-of-the-art treatment of this fascinating subject. Anyone interested in Californian biodiversity or grassland ecosystems in general will find this book to be an invaluable resource and a major inspiration for further research, management, and restoration efforts."—Bruce G. Baldwin, W. L. Jepson Professor and Curator, UC Berkeley "Grasses and grasslands are among the most important elements of the California landscape. This is their book, embodying the kind of integrated view needed for all ecological communities in California. Approaches ranging across an incredibly broad spectrum -- paleontology and human history; basic science and practical management techniques; systematics, community ecology, physiology, and genetics; physical factors such as water, soil nutrients, atmospherics, and fire; biological factors such as competition, symbiosis, and grazing -- are nicely tied together due to careful editorial work. This is an indispensable reference for everyone interested in the California environment."—Brent Mishler, Director of the University & Jepson Herbaria and Professor of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley "The structure and function of California grasslands have intrigued ecologists for decades. The editors of this volume have assembled a comprehensive set of reviews by a group of outstanding authors on the natural history, structure, management, and restoration of this economically and ecologically important ecosystem."—Scott L. Collins, Professor of Biology, University of New Mexico
Author: Emma C. Underwood Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319683039 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 483
Book Description
Chaparral shrubland ecosystems are an iconic feature of the California landscape, and a highly biodiverse yet highly flammable backdrop to some of the fastest growing urban areas in the United States. Chaparral-type ecosystems are a common element of all of the world’s Mediterranean-type climate regions – of which California is one – yet there is little public appreciation of the intrinsic value and the ecosystem services that these landscapes provide. Valuing Chaparral is a compendium of contributions from experts in chaparral ecology and management, with a focus on the human relationship with chaparral ecosystems. Chapters cover a wide variety of subjects, ranging from biodiversity to ecosystem services like water provision, erosion control, carbon sequestration and recreation; from the history of human interactions with chaparral to current education and conservation efforts; and from chaparral restoration and management to scenarios of the future under changing climate, land use, and human population. Valuing Chaparral will be of interest to resource managers, the research community, policy makers, and the public who live and work in the chaparral dominated landscapes of California and other Mediterranean-type climate regions.
Author: Cang Hui Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0191062537 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 607
Book Description
Humans have moved organisms around the world for centuries but it is only relatively recently that invasion ecology has grown into a mainstream research field. This book examines both the spread and impact dynamics of invasive species, placing the science of invasion biology on a new, more rigorous, theoretical footing, and proposing a concept of adaptive networks as the foundation for future research. Biological invasions are considered not as simple actions of invaders and reactions of invaded ecosystems, but as co-evolving complex adaptive systems with emergent features of network complexity and invasibility. Invasion Dynamics focuses on the ecology of invasive species and their impacts in recipient social-ecological systems. It discusses not only key advances and challenges within the traditional domain of invasion ecology, but introduces approaches, concepts, and insights from many other disciplines such as complexity science, systems science, and ecology more broadly. It will be of great value to invasion biologists analyzing spread and/or impact dynamics as well as other ecologists interested in spread processes or habitat management.
Author: Ellen Huiskamp Esch
Author: Ellen Huiskamp Esch
Author: Harold Mooney
Author: Therese M. Poland
Author: Chandler Puritty
Author: Michael Barbour
Author: Mark R. Stromberg
Author: Emma C. Underwood
Author: Ellen Hanak
Author: Cang Hui
Author: Joy B. Zedler