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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 414
Book Description
Referred to as the problem of substitutivity, there has been a consistent difficulty in accounting for when---and how---two co-referring names can be substituted, salva veritate, within a given utterance. More recently, this difficulty appears even for seemingly simple sentences---i.e. sentences that lack any opacity-producing content. For example, "Clark Kent went into the phone booth and Superman came out," may seem an accurate description of an event in Metropolis, whereas "Superman went into the phone booth and Clark Kent came out," seems infelicitous, at best. Alternatively, "Superman leaps more tall buildings than Clark Kent," strikes many competent language users as true, whereas "Superman leaps more tall buildings than Superman" must be false: The same individual cannot leap more tall buildings than himself. The debate on these simple sentences has been divided upon traditional semantic and pragmatic lines of reasoning. However, all the proposed solutions rely to some degree on the claim that two co-referring names, such as 'Superman' and 'Clark Kent', can convey or express additional content regarding distinct modes of presentation, guises, or aspects that a community of language users associate with each name. Lacking any psychological verb or other opacity producing content, though, presents a difficulty: How does this additional content become a relevant contribution to the utterance in question? I argue that a traditional causal account of direct reference can be expanded from its application to attitude ascriptions in order to resolve the problem of substitutivity for such simple sentences. In the proposal I put forward, I contend that a causal account of reference can avoid the two major objections found within this debate: A causal account explains how the meaningful content of two co-referring names like 'Superman' and 'Clark Kent' can be properly differentiated, and it also explains how rational, well-informed language users are able to deploy this distinction in simple, everyday utterances. The account I put forward extends a single solution to the problem of substitutivity within philosophy of language, both across traditionally opaque and simple sentence types and across proper names and singular terms, more generally.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 414
Book Description
Referred to as the problem of substitutivity, there has been a consistent difficulty in accounting for when---and how---two co-referring names can be substituted, salva veritate, within a given utterance. More recently, this difficulty appears even for seemingly simple sentences---i.e. sentences that lack any opacity-producing content. For example, "Clark Kent went into the phone booth and Superman came out," may seem an accurate description of an event in Metropolis, whereas "Superman went into the phone booth and Clark Kent came out," seems infelicitous, at best. Alternatively, "Superman leaps more tall buildings than Clark Kent," strikes many competent language users as true, whereas "Superman leaps more tall buildings than Superman" must be false: The same individual cannot leap more tall buildings than himself. The debate on these simple sentences has been divided upon traditional semantic and pragmatic lines of reasoning. However, all the proposed solutions rely to some degree on the claim that two co-referring names, such as 'Superman' and 'Clark Kent', can convey or express additional content regarding distinct modes of presentation, guises, or aspects that a community of language users associate with each name. Lacking any psychological verb or other opacity producing content, though, presents a difficulty: How does this additional content become a relevant contribution to the utterance in question? I argue that a traditional causal account of direct reference can be expanded from its application to attitude ascriptions in order to resolve the problem of substitutivity for such simple sentences. In the proposal I put forward, I contend that a causal account of reference can avoid the two major objections found within this debate: A causal account explains how the meaningful content of two co-referring names like 'Superman' and 'Clark Kent' can be properly differentiated, and it also explains how rational, well-informed language users are able to deploy this distinction in simple, everyday utterances. The account I put forward extends a single solution to the problem of substitutivity within philosophy of language, both across traditionally opaque and simple sentence types and across proper names and singular terms, more generally.
Author: Jennifer M. Saul Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0191614580 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 192
Book Description
The phenomenon of substitution failure is a longstanding focus of discussion for philosophers of language. Substitution failure occurs when a change from one co-referential name to another (e.g. from 'Superman' to 'Clark Kent') affects the truth-value of a sentence. Jennifer Saul has shown that this can occur even in the simplest of sentences. She presents the first full-length treatment of this puzzling feature of language, and explores its implications for the theory of reference and names, and for the methodology of semantics.
Author: Heimir Geirsson Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1136180184 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 204
Book Description
The nature of propositions and the cognitive value of names have been the focal point of philosophy of language for the last few decades. The advocates of the causal reference theory have favored the view that the semantic contents of proper names are their referents. However, Frege’s puzzle about the different cognitive value of coreferential names has made this identification seem impossible. Geirsson provides a detailed overview of the debate to date, and then develops a novel account that explains our reluctance, even when we know about the relevant identity, to substitute coreferential names in both simple sentences and belief contexts while nevertheless accepting the view that the semantic content of names is their referents. The account focuses on subjects organizing information in webs; a name can then access and elicit information from a given web. Geirsson proceeds to extend the account of information to non-referring names, but they have long provided a serious challenge to the causal reference theorist.
Author: Alessandro Capone Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319721739 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 303
Book Description
This book builds on the idea that pragmatics and philosophy are strictly interconnected and that advances in one area will generate consequential advantages in the other area. The first part of the book, entitled ‘Theoretical Approaches to Philosophy of Language’, contains contributions by philosophers of language on connectives, intensional contexts, demonstratives, subsententials, and implicit indirect reports. The second part, ‘Pragmatics in Discourse’, presents contributions that are more empirically based or of a more applicative nature and that deal with the pragmatics of discourse, argumentation, pragmatics and law, and context. The book presents perspectives which, generally, make most of the Gricean idea of the centrality of a speaker’s intention in attribution of meaning to utterances, whether one is interested in the level of sentence-like units or larger chunks of discourse.
Author: Adriano Palma Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG ISBN: 1614516634 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
This volume responds to and reassesses the work of Hector-Neri Castañeda (1924-1991). The essays collected here, written by his students, followers, and opponents, examine Castañeda’s seminal views on deontic logic, metaethics, indedicality, praticitions, fictions, and metaphysics, utilizing the critical viewpoint afforded by time, as well as new data, to offer insights on his theories and methodology.
Author: Jussi Haukioja Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 1472570758 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 218
Book Description
Should philosophy of language use experimental methods, or can it be pursued in the armchair? Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Language represents a balanced variety of positions on this extensively discussed question. In the first collection of its kind, leading experts in the field present a number of different perspectives on the relevance of experimental methods in philosophy of language, ranging from complete dismissals of traditional methods to defences of armchair approaches. As well as exploring possible novel experimental techniques, Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Language evaluates the philosophical relevance of existing experimental results and presents new data from new experimental studies. For scholars looking to stay ahead of the latest developments and trends in the philosophy of language, this important contribution to the field brings the reader up-to-date.
Author: Scott Soames Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0195145283 Category : Electronic books Languages : en Pages : 392
Book Description
Soames introduces a new conception of the relationship between linguistic meaning and assertions made by utterances. He gives meanings of proper names and natural-kind predicates and explains their use in attitude ascriptions.
Author: Joseph Y. Halpern Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262035022 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
Explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression.
Author: Keith Allan Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080959695 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 1103
Book Description
Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics is a comprehensive new reference work aiming to systematically describe all aspects of the study of meaning in language. It synthesizes in one volume the latest scholarly positions on the construction, interpretation, clarification, obscurity, illustration, amplification, simplification, negotiation, contradiction, contraction and paraphrasing of meaning, and the various concepts, analyses, methodologies and technologies that underpin their study. It examines not only semantics but the impact of semantic study on related fields such as morphology, syntax, and typologically oriented studies such as 'grammatical semantics', where semantics has made a considerable contribution to our understanding of verbal categories like tense or aspect, nominal categories like case or possession, clausal categories like causatives, comparatives, or conditionals, and discourse phenomena like reference and anaphora. COSE also examines lexical semantics and its relation to syntax, pragmatics, and cognitive linguistics; and the study of how 'logical semantics' develops and thrives, often in interaction with computational linguistics. As a derivative volume from Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition, it comprises contributions from 150 of the foremost scholars of semantics in their various specializations and draws on 20+ years of development in the parent work in a compact and affordable format. Principally intended for tertiary level inquiry and research, this will be invaluable as a reference work for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as academics inquiring into the study of meaning and meaning relations within languages. As semantics is a centrally important and inherently cross-cutting area within linguistics it will therefore be relevant not just for semantics specialists, but for most linguistic audiences. - The first encyclopedia ever published in this fascinating and diverse field - Combines the talents of the world's leading semantics specialists - The latest trends in the field authoritatively reviewed and interpreted in context of related disciplines - Drawn from the richest, most authoritative, comprehensive and internationally acclaimed reference resource in the linguistics area - Compact and affordable single volume reference format
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Author: 
Author: Jennifer M. Saul
Author: Heimir Geirsson
Author: Alessandro Capone
Author: Adriano Palma
Author: Jussi Haukioja
Author: Charles Kay Ogden
Author: Scott Soames
Author: Joseph Y. Halpern
Author: Keith Allan