Interplay Between Diets, Microbiota, Bacterial Metabolites and Host for Intestinal Health and Disease PDF Download

Author: Silvia Melgar
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832548598
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 250

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Book Description
An interplay between the diet and the microbiota appears to regulate the host responses. It is now well acknowledged that the microbiota and their metabolites such as short chain fatty acids, bile acids, etc modulates the metabolic status, educates the host’s intestinal immune system, and protects the host against invading pathogens and injury. Concomitantly, environmental factors such as diets and dietary components play a major role in shaping the microbiota, thereby modulating the host immune and epithelial responses, and ultimately directing the individual’s health status. Disruption in any of these elements or their interactions have been linked to the development and progression of a wide range of conditions including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), colorectal cancer, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, autism, asthma etc. While westernised diets (rich in fat/sugar and low in fibres) and dietary additives (e.g. emulsifiers) have been identified as risk factors for these disorders, other diets such as Mediterranean, Ketogenic and probiotics and prebiotics can serve as treatment strategies due to their impact on the microbiota and possibly the host.

Author: Food Forum
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030926586X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 197

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Book Description
The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge of the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply. The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health: Workshop Summary summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. Over the two day workshop, several themes covered included: The microbiome is integral to human physiology, health, and disease. The microbiome is arguably the most intimate connection that humans have with their external environment, mostly through diet. Given the emerging nature of research on the microbiome, some important methodology issues might still have to be resolved with respect to undersampling and a lack of causal and mechanistic studies. Dietary interventions intended to have an impact on host biology via their impact on the microbiome are being developed, and the market for these products is seeing tremendous success. However, the current regulatory framework poses challenges to industry interest and investment.

Author: Jie Yin
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889639983
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 595

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Book Description
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Author: Inés Martínez Ramos
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781267582324
Category : Digestion
Languages : en
Pages : 273

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Book Description
Vertebrates are associated with trillions of bacteria, with the densest populations residing in the large intestine. The symbiosis between vertebrates and their gut microbiota has resulted in important implications of the gut microbiome on host health. Diet is an important factor that shapes gut microbiota composition, and because of the interplay between host-microbiome-diet, dietary strategies that modulate gut microbiome structure are deemed a relevant tool to improve host health. However, gaps in knowledge exist with respect to these interactions, and it is essential to obtain a mechanistic understanding of how these relations take place to develop successful therapeutic strategies that target the gut microbiome. In order to address these gaps, human trials were performed to assess the impact of primary components of the human diet, resistant starches and whole grains, on the gut microbiota. Overall, the impact of diet was temporal and varied across subjects. Resistant starches substantially modulated the gut bacterial community of the subject population, especially increasing the abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis . Ruminococcus bromii , Eubacterium rectale , and Parabacteroides distasonis were also significantly enriched. Dietary incorporation of whole grains increased the proportions of Eubacterium rectale and acetogens such as Blautia wexlerae . Of note, whole grains significantly improved inflammation and glycemic parameters. The shifts in Eubacterium rectale correlated with glycemic improvements. Moreover, distinct abundances of Dialister were determined among subjects that differed in terms of their inflammatory improvement. To gain mechanistic insight on the host-microbe-diet interplay, animal experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of grain sorghum lipids and plant sterol esters in the context of dyslipidemia. Significant and consistent alterations in gut microbiota composition were detected in both experiments, especially involving shifts in Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae abundance, which displayed remarkable correlations to host cholesterol markers. Mathematical modeling of these associations revealed them to be inhibitory interactions, suggesting that changes in host metabolism affected gut microbiome structure through an antimicrobial effect of cholesterol, which was conformed in vitro against selected gut microbes. In conclusion, the studies presented in this dissertation allowed new insights on the impact of diet on the gut microbiota and its consequences for health.

Author: Gwendolyn Barcel´o-Coblijn
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039216465
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 206

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Book Description
[Increasing evidence suggests that microbiota and especially the gut microbiota (the microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi) plays a key role in human physiology and pathology. Recent findings indicate how dysbiosis—an imbalance in the composition and organization of microbial populations—could severely impact the development of different medical conditions (from metabolic to mood disorders), providing new insights into the comprehension of diverse diseases, such as IBD, obesity, asthma, autism, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Given that microbial cells in the gut outnumber host cells, microbiota influences human physiology both functionally and structurally. Microbial metabolites bridge various—even distant—areas of the organism by way of the immune and hormone system. For instance, it is now clear that the mutual interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain (gut–brain axis), often involves gut microbiota, indicating that the crosstalk between the organism and its microbial residents represents a fundamental aspect of both the establishment and maintenance of healthy conditions. Moreover, it is crucial to recognize that beyond the intestinal tract, microbiota populates other host organs and tissues (e.g., skin and oral mucosa). We have edited this eBook with the aim of publishing manuscripts focusing on the impact of microbiota in the development of different diseases and their associated treatments.]

Author: Sunil Kochhar
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 144716539X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 389

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Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of metabonomics and gut microbiota research from molecular analysis to population-based global health considerations. The topics include the discussion of the applications in relation to metabonomics and gut microbiota in nutritional research, in health and disease and a review of future therapeutical, nutraceutical and clinical applications. It also examines the translatability of systems biology approaches into applied clinical research and to patient health and nutrition. The rise in multifactorial disorders, the lack of understanding of the molecular processes at play and the needs for disease prediction in asymptomatic conditions are some of the many questions that system biology approaches are well suited to address. Achieving this goal lies in our ability to model and understand the complex web of interactions between genetics, metabolism, environmental factors and gut microbiota. Being the most densely populated microbial ecosystem on earth, gut microbiota co-evolved as a key component of human biology, essentially extending the physiological definition of humans. Major advances in microbiome research have shown that the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to the overall health status of the host has been so far underestimated. Human host gut microbial interaction is one of the most significant human health considerations of the present day with relevance for both prevention of disease via microbiota-oriented environmental protection as well as strategies for new therapeutic approaches using microbiota as targets and/or biomarkers. In many aspects, humans are not a complete and fully healthy organism without their appropriate microbiological components. Increasingly, scientific evidence identifies gut microbiota as a key biological interface between human genetics and environmental conditions encompassing nutrition. Microbiota dysbiosis or variation in metabolic activity has been associated with metabolic deregulation (e.g. obesity, inflammatory bowel disease), disease risk factor (e.g. coronary heart disease) and even the aetiology of various pathologies (e.g. autism, cancer), although causal role into impaired metabolism still needs to be established. Metabonomics and Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Disease serves as a handbook for postgraduate students, researchers in life sciences or health sciences, scientists in academic and industrial environments working in application areas as diverse as health, disease, nutrition, microbial research and human clinical medicine.

Author: Debabrata Biswas
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030473848
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 288

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Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive examination of the role of gut microbiome/microflora in nutrition, metabolism, disease prevention and health issues, including farm animal health and food value, and human gastrointestinal health and immunity. Indigenous microbiotas, particularly the gut microflora/microbiome, are an essential component in the modern concept of human and animal health. The diet and lifestyle of the host and environment have direct impact on gut microflora and the patterns of gut microbial colonization associated with health and diseases have been documented. Contributing authors cover the impact of gut microbiome in farm animal health, and explore the possibility of modulating the human gut microbiome with better animal products to prevent human diseases, including endemic and emerging diseases such as obesity, cancer and cardiac diseases. Dieting plan and control methods are examined, with attention paid to balance dieting with natural food and drink components. In addition, the role of gut microbiota in enteric microbial colonization and infections in farm animals is also discussed. The volume also explores the possibility of improving human health by modulating the microbiome with better food, including bio-active foods and appropriate forms of intake. Throughout the chapters, authors examine cutting edge research and technology, as well as future directions for better practices regarding emerging issues, such as the safety and production of organic food.

Author: Debbie L. Humphries
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783030569143
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This comprehensive and user-friendly volume focuses on the intersection between the fields of nutrition and infectious disease. It highlights the importance of nutritional status in infectious disease outcomes, and the need to recognize the role that nutrition plays in altering the risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection, the severity of the disease, and the effectiveness of treatment. Split into four parts, section one begins with a conceptual model linking nutritional status and infectious diseases, followed by primers on nutrition and immune function, that can serve as resources for students, researchers and practitioners. Section two provides accessible overviews of major categories of pathogens and is intended to be used as antecedents of pathogen-focused subsequent chapters, as well as to serve as discrete educational resources for students, researchers, and practitioners. The third section includes five in-depth case studies on specific infectious diseases where nutrition-infection interactions have been extensively explored: diarrheal and enteric disease, HIV and tuberculosis, arboviruses, malaria, and soil-transmitted helminths. The final section addresses cross-cutting topics such as drug-nutrient interactions, co-infections, and nutrition, infection, and climate change and then concludes by consolidating relevant clinical and public health approaches to addressing infection in the context of nutrition, and thus providing a sharp focus on the clinical relevance of the intersection between nutrition and infection Written by experts in the field, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases will be a go to resource and guide for immunologists, clinical pathologists, sociologists, epidemiologists, nutritionists, and all health care professionals managing and treating patients with infectious diseases. .

Author: Megan Rene Sanctuary
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781369615975
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
My research interest is in the role of the gut in overall health with a focus on the role of certain dietary components (including fiber and protein) on microbial composition and activity, gut barrier function, and inflammation. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract must properly digest and absorb nutrients, provide a barrier between environmental pathogens/toxins and the body, and house a balanced immune system that properly discriminates between harmful and beneficial substances/microorganisms. Break down in any one of these functions results in suboptimal health or disease. Most of the research concerning gut microbiota-diet interactions focuses on dietary carbohydrate, especially fiber. Little is known about the metabolism of dietary protein in the distal gut and subsequent effects on host health. Protein digestion has a major impact on amino acid absorption/bioavailability and downstream effects on the microbiota, immune system and colonocyte health; protein digestion and absorption may be compromised in some individuals and not all proteins are easily digested. Increased levels of protein in the colon have numerous potential causes including excessive protein consumption, low protein digestibility (affected by source and processing) as well as low inherent digestive capacity of the consumer. Several studies have shown that increased levels of protein in the colon leads to increased levels of protein-metabolizing (putrefactive) bacteria, reduced levels of fiber-fermenting (saccharolytic) bacteria, reduced bacterial diversity as well as increased levels of putrefactive metabolites in the colon. These metabolites have been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC). The effects of these metabolites on host physiology have been studied using mainly in vitro models and have been shown to increase intestinal permeability and reduce overall health of colonocytes (Figure 1.1). However, it is unknown whether excess consumption of protein with low digestibility, coupled with reduced digestive capacity, leads to increased intestinal permeability resulting in inflammation and poor overall gut health in vivo. In addition, direct links between the concentrations of toxic putrefactive metabolites in stool and urine, and numbers of protein metabolizing bacteria in stool to specific health changes (e.g. inflammation, tissue damage) and long term health outcomes remain unknown.The focus of this research project lies on two specific populations that experience reduced digestive capacity and who tend to consume proteins with low digestibility. Human infants are born with an immature gut and thus low inherent digestive capacity; those who are formula fed consume high levels of indigestible proteins. Together, these factors may contribute to the microbial dysbiosis and increased incidence of diarrhea experienced by formula fed compared to breastfed infants. Therefore, cell culture experiments assessing intestinal permeabilization in response to certain dietary peptides was performed. Results showed that human milk is capable of reducing intestinal permeability in the absence of immune and microbiota mechanisms. Furthermore, human milk protects intestinal epithelial cells from LPS-induced increases in intestinal permeability. In addition, piglet feeding studies were conducted to assess the effect of consumption of diets high in heat-damaged milk proteins, like those found in formula, on markers of gut health including intestinal permeability, histopathology and diarrhea incidence. Results showed that piglets consuming diets high in partially hydrolyzed milk proteins experience increased intestinal permeability, higher ileum and colon histopathology scores and high incidence of diarrhea compared to piglets consuming diets containing intact proteins. Together, these results support the use of human milk for early infant feeding and further exploration of the role of human milk proteins in modulating intestinal permeability.Children with autism also experience GI dysfunction and immune abnormalities coupled with microbial dysbiosis. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial assessing tolerability and efficacy of combination treatment with the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis (B. infantis) and bovine colostrum product (BCP) in children with ASD and GI symptoms compared to BCP alone. Results showed that both treatments were well tolerated in this cohort with gassiness and lethargy as the most commonly reported mild side effects. We also found overall improvement in GI function as evidenced by normalization of stool consistency, reduced frequency of GI symptoms, reduction in occurrence of certain aberrant behaviors, lowered percentage of lymphocytes expressing IL-13 (combination treatment) and TNF-[alpha] (BCP only treatment) and decreased fecal ethanol levels with treatment. For most outcome measures, there were trends for improvement with both treatments and in some cases, there were significant improvements for each of the treatments. At this point, we can cannot conclude that one treatment was more effective than the other due to low sample size and high heterogeneity of initial GI symptoms. Further studies with larger sample size with specific recruitment for certain GI symptoms are necessary to gain a mechanistic understanding of these outcomes.In addition, there is some evidence that populations with a fragile gut, especially children with autism and infants, have impaired digestive and/or absorptive capacity. Therefore, exploration of the effect of increased protein fermentation in the distal gut on microbial composition and metabolism, inflammation, intestinal permeability and general gut health will provide preliminary evidence to support mechanistic investigation of these processes in susceptible cohorts. This preliminary study will allow us to develop the tools and protocols to examine the effects of other variables such as effect of protein source (structure) and processing techniques (such as pasteurization), weaning protocol (age and duration of weaning), and other forms of digestive insufficiency (pancreatic insufficiency, chemotherapy) on gut health.

Author: Mark Lyte
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441955763
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 325

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Book Description
Microbial endocrinology represents a newly emerging interdisciplinary field that is formed by the intersection of the fields of neurobiology and microbiology. This book will introduce a new perspective to the current understanding not only of the factors that mediate the ability of microbes to cause disease, but also to the mechanisms that maintain normal homeostasis. The discovery that microbes can directly respond to neuroendocrine hormones, as evidenced by increased growth and production of virulence-associated factors, provides for a new framework with which to investigate how microorganisms interface not only with vertebrates, but also with invertebrates and even plants. The reader will learn that the neuroendocrine hormones that one most commonly associates with mammals are actually found throughout the plant, insect and microbial communities to an extent that will undoubtedly surprise many, and most importantly, how interactions between microbes and neuroendocrine hormones can influence the pathophysiology of infectious disease.