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Author: Samuel Erik Redford Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Metabolism is central to maintaining health and homeostasis during all challenges a mammal may face. This is true for infections as well and the field of immunometabolism has emerged for determining how metabolism influences the immune system during disease. Lipids are a major source of carbon and energy for cells while having been found to influence immune cells in a variety of systems. Here we explore novel roles for triglycerides through the interactions of adaptive immune and adipose tissue along with fatty acid utilization in myeloid cells. This dissertation describes original work demonstrating how adaptive immune system leads to sickness-induced anorexia and fat wasting. We found that fat wasting was dependent on lipolysis and that this fat wasting had no impact on inflammation within the adipose tissue. Further, we found that the fat wasting and sickness-induced anorexia are likely linked and CD4+ T cells are necessary to mediate both processes. Surprisingly, these metabolic perturbations do not have any tangible benefit to the host and preventing them did not change parasitemia or survival. Indeed, we found that CD4+ T cells were entirely dispensable in the infection, with mice lacking these immune cells surviving as long as wild type mice with similar parasitemia. Only B cells seemed necessary for mediating survival and parasitemia in wild type mice and CD8+ T cells were detrimental to survival. When looking specifically at lipid utilization in myeloid cells rather than lipid availability, we found beta oxidation in myeloid cells is detrimental to survival. There were no differences between knockout mice and wild type mice in parasitemia, indicating that immunopathology caused by the myeloid cells likely contributes to death and knocking out beta oxidation may alleviate the immunopathology. We found a slight rescue in anemia in the knockout mice, which is a major contributor for host death during a T. brucei infection. Thus, we have found novel roles for the adaptive immune system in mediating fat wasting and surprisingly this increase in lipid availability led to no difference in health while also finding a novel role for beta oxidation in myeloid cells for decreasing tolerance in the host. This work expands upon our understanding of how lipids availability is influenced by immune cells and how lipid utilization impacts health during a disease.
Author: Samuel Erik Redford Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Metabolism is central to maintaining health and homeostasis during all challenges a mammal may face. This is true for infections as well and the field of immunometabolism has emerged for determining how metabolism influences the immune system during disease. Lipids are a major source of carbon and energy for cells while having been found to influence immune cells in a variety of systems. Here we explore novel roles for triglycerides through the interactions of adaptive immune and adipose tissue along with fatty acid utilization in myeloid cells. This dissertation describes original work demonstrating how adaptive immune system leads to sickness-induced anorexia and fat wasting. We found that fat wasting was dependent on lipolysis and that this fat wasting had no impact on inflammation within the adipose tissue. Further, we found that the fat wasting and sickness-induced anorexia are likely linked and CD4+ T cells are necessary to mediate both processes. Surprisingly, these metabolic perturbations do not have any tangible benefit to the host and preventing them did not change parasitemia or survival. Indeed, we found that CD4+ T cells were entirely dispensable in the infection, with mice lacking these immune cells surviving as long as wild type mice with similar parasitemia. Only B cells seemed necessary for mediating survival and parasitemia in wild type mice and CD8+ T cells were detrimental to survival. When looking specifically at lipid utilization in myeloid cells rather than lipid availability, we found beta oxidation in myeloid cells is detrimental to survival. There were no differences between knockout mice and wild type mice in parasitemia, indicating that immunopathology caused by the myeloid cells likely contributes to death and knocking out beta oxidation may alleviate the immunopathology. We found a slight rescue in anemia in the knockout mice, which is a major contributor for host death during a T. brucei infection. Thus, we have found novel roles for the adaptive immune system in mediating fat wasting and surprisingly this increase in lipid availability led to no difference in health while also finding a novel role for beta oxidation in myeloid cells for decreasing tolerance in the host. This work expands upon our understanding of how lipids availability is influenced by immune cells and how lipid utilization impacts health during a disease.
Author: Tracey Lamb Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118393333 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 531
Book Description
Parasitic infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. Often endemic in developing countries many parasitic diseases are neglected in terms of research funding and much remains to be understood about parasites and the interactions they have with the immune system. This book examines current knowledge about immune responses to parasitic infections affecting humans, including interactions that occur during co-infections, and how immune responses may be manipulated to develop therapeutic interventions against parasitic infection. For easy reference, the most commonly studied parasites are examined in individual chapters written by investigators at the forefront of their field. An overview of the immune system, as well as introductions to protozoan and helminth parasites, is included to guide background reading. A historical perspective of the field of immunoparasitology acknowledges the contributions of investigators who have been instrumental in developing this field of research.
Author: Alexandre Morrot Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2832553311 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 477
Book Description
The protozoa are the most ancient members of the animal kingdom and they have evolved the intracellular parasitism to ensure their survival strategies. Protozoan parasites that infect humans are extremely diverse among eukaryotes. They are responsible for many human diseases such as amebiasis, Chagas disease, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness. The ability of protozoans to cause disease depends on the nature and number of infecting organisms, the route of infection, the virulence factors associated with the microorganism, and the strength of host defenses. This host-parasite interaction is also subject to constant change as the infection proceeds and can lead to a range of outcomes, from elimination of the pathogen to death of the host, depending on the states of latency and the extent of colonization that the protozoan achieves in the course of infection. Several species of parasitic protozoa harbor specialized virulence factors whose products can overcome the host´s immunity and promote their survival. These factors act at several different checkpoints of the host immune responses, from the first components of the innate immune response to the induction and maintenance of adaptive memory responses. Many protozoan species have evolved mechanisms that modulate and inhibit host sensors, microRNA circuits and signaling pathways that permit the host to detect infection. These factors can act, inter alia, by inhibiting the complement cascade, subverting phagocyte activation and impairing leukocyte migratory responses, so undermining the immune system thus facilitating the pathogen evasion and its continued persistence in the host. In this research topic we welcome the contribution of original research article as well as reviews on the field.
Author: Michael Gleeson Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN: 0443101183 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 338
Book Description
This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. Designed to help readers understand and evaluate the relationship between exercise, immune function and infection risk, this book presents evidence for the "J-shaped" relationship between exercise load and infection risk. It also describes the components of the human immune system and key functions that protect the body from disease, the impact of acute and chronic psychological stress on immune function, and practical guidelines for minimizing the risk of immunodepression and infection in athletes. Further chapters explore different ways of measuring immune function, as well as the effects of heavy training on innate and specific (acquired) immunity, exercise in environmental extremes, and nutrition. Connections between exercise, infection risk, and immune function in special populations (elderly, obese, diabetic and HIV patients) are also addressed. Authored by a team of highly experienced experts. The "J-shaped" relationship between exercise load and infection risk is described, backed by current research and evidence. Components of the immune system and normal immune function are explained in detail, as well as methods for measuring immune function. The impact of acute and chronic psychological stress on immune function is presented, along with suggestions for minimizing the risk of immunodepression and infection in athletes. The effects of heavy training, exercise in environmental extremes, and nutrition are discussed with regard to their impact on innate and specific (acquired) immunity. Immune function in special populations (elderly, obese, diabetic and HIV patients) is also addressed, exploring links between exercise and infection risk in these groups. Evidence-based coverage includes a list of references in each chapter, as well as suggestions for further reading that direct readers to important texts and review articles. Information is presented in an easily accessible format, following a logical progression of material. LEach chapter begins with a list of learning objectives and ends with a list of key points to reinforce learning. A glossary at the end of the book defines all key terms and abbreviations.
Author: James J. Lee Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 012394385X Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 679
Book Description
Eosinophils in Health and Disease provides immunology researchers and students with a comprehensive overview of current thought and cutting-edge eosinophil research, providing chapters on basic science, disease-specific issues, therapeutics, models for study and areas of emerging importance.
Author: Peter Perlmann Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers ISBN: 3805573766 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 422
Book Description
Despite extensive efforts to control it, malaria is still one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide. This book, now in its second edition, provides a broad and up-to-date overview of the rapidly expanding field of malaria immunology and its importance in the control of this disease. The first section deals with the malaria parasite and its interactions with both the vertebrate host and the mosquitoes which transmit the disease. In the second part, the mechanisms of immunity and their regulation by environmental and genetic factors are discussed. Finally, this volume contains several chapters on malaria vaccine development, describing the application of the most recent vaccine technologies as well as ongoing and planned vaccine trials. Authored by well-recognized experts, this volume not only demonstrates the rapid progress being made in the search for vaccines against malaria, but also broadens our understanding of immunity to infection in general. It is therefore highly recommended reading for all scientists and professionals in the fields of immunology, infection and vaccine development.
Author: Samuel Erik Redford
Author: Samuel Erik Redford
Author: Bruce Alberts
Author: Tracey Lamb
Author: Alexandre Morrot
Author: Michael Gleeson
Author: Jian Du
Author: 
Author: James J. Lee
Author: Peter Perlmann
Author: Wei Zhang