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Author: Rihard L. Lindroth Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The overall purpose of this research was to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of elevated levels of CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} on tree leaf litter quality and decomposition. This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO{sub 2} Enrichment) facility near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. This research comprised one facet of a larger project assessing how CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} pollutants will alter carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling in north temperate forest ecosystems.
Author: Rihard L. Lindroth Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The overall purpose of this research was to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of elevated levels of CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} on tree leaf litter quality and decomposition. This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO{sub 2} Enrichment) facility near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. This research comprised one facet of a larger project assessing how CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} pollutants will alter carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling in north temperate forest ecosystems.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Two of the most important and pervasive greenhouse gases driving global change and impacting forests in the U.S. and around the world are atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3. As the only free air, large-scale manipulative experiment studying the interaction of elevated CO2 and O3 on forests, the Aspen FACE experiment was uniquely designed to address the long-term ecosystem level impacts of these two greenhouse gases on aspen-birch-maple forests, which dominate the richly forested Lake States region. The project was established in 1997 to address the overarching scientific question: "What are the effects of elevated [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, on the structure and functioning of northern hardwood forest ecosystems?" From 1998 through the middle of the 2009 growing season, we examined the interacting effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on ecosystem processes in an aggrading northern forest ecosystem to compare the responses of early-successional, rapid-growing shade intolerant trembling aspen and paper birch to those of a late successional, slower growing shade tolerant sugar maple. Fumigations with elevated CO2 (560 ppm during daylight hours) and O3 (approximately 1.5 x ambient) were conducted during the growing season from 1998 to 2008, and in 2009 through harvest date. Response variables quantified during the experiment included growth, competitive interactions and stand dynamics, physiological processes, plant nutrient status and uptake, tissue biochemistry, litter quality and decomposition rates, hydrology, soil respiration, microbial community composition and respiration, VOC production, treatment-pest interactions, and treatment-phenology interactions. In 2009, we conducted a detailed harvest of the site. The harvest included detailed sampling of a subset of trees by component (leaves and buds, fine branches, coarse branches and stem, coarse roots, fine roots) and excavation of soil to a depth of 1 m. Throughout the experiment, aspen and birch photosynthesis increased with elevated CO2 and tended to decrease with elevated O3, compared to the control. In contrast to aspen and birch, maple photosynthesis was not enhanced by elevated CO2. Elevated O3 did not cause significant reductions in maximum photosynthesis in birch or maple. In addition, photosynthesis in ozone sensitive clones was affected to a much greater degree than that in ozone tolerant aspen clones. Treatment effects on photosynthesis contributed to CO2 stimulation of aboveground and belowground growth that was species and genotype dependent, with birch and aspen being most responsive and maple being least responsive. The positive effects of elevated CO2 on net primary productivity NPP were sustained through the end of the experiment, but negative effects of elevated O3 on NPP had dissipated during the final three years of treatments. The declining response to O3 over time resulted from the compensatory growth of O3-tolerant genotypes and species as the growth of O3-sensitive individuals declined over time. Cumulative NPP over the entire experiment was 39% greater under elevated CO2 and 10% lower under elevated O3. Enhanced NPP under elevated CO2 was sustained by greater root exploration of soil for growth-limiting N, as well as more rapid rates of litter decomposition and microbial N release during decay. Results from Aspen FACE clearly indicate that plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide, regardless of community type or ozone level, obtained significantly greater amounts of soil N. These results indicate that greater plant growth under elevated carbon dioxide has not led to "progressive N limitation". If similar forests growing throughout northeastern North America respond in the same manner, then enhanced forest NPP under elevated CO2 may be sustained for a longer duration than previously thought, and the negative effect of elevated O3 may be diminished by compensatory growth of O3-tolerant plants as they begin to dominate forest communities ...
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Elevated CO2 and O3 have the potential to alter the productivity, biochemistry and species composition of leaf litter, which will affect litter decomposition, thereby controlling nutrient release rates and soil carbon formation. To assess those effects, leaf litter was collected from aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) and birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh) communities in 2003 at Aspen Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment experiment in Rhinelander, WI. A 935 day in situ litter decomposition study was conducted. The results suggested that small changes in litter chemistry under elevated CO2 and O3 will occur, and combined with changes in litter biomass production could significantly alter the inputs of soluble sugars, condensed tannins, soluble phenolics, cellulose and lignin to forest soils. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the fluxes to soil of all nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, and Zn) and elevated O3 had the opposite effect. Atmospheric changes had little effect on nutrient release rates, except for decreasing Ca and B release under elevated CO2 and decreasing N and Ca release under elevated O3. Elevated CO2 significantly reduced litter mass loss ( -10 %) in the first year, but increased litter mass loss (+46 %) in the second year. Elevated O3 reduced litter mass loss ( -13 %) in the first year, and had no effect on mass loss in the second year. The mean residence time of birch/aspen litter (3.1 years) was significant lower than that of pure aspen (4.8 years). To examine how changes in litter biochemistry and production under elevated CO2 influence microbial activity and soil C formation, a 230-day microcosm incubation was conducted with five mass addition levels. The results indicate that small decreases in litter [N] under elevated CO2 had minor impacts on microbial C, microbial N and dissolved organic C. Increasing mass addition resulted in higher total C and new C accumulating in whole soil and mineral soil fractions, associated with higher cumulative C lo.
Author: Kurt S. Pregitzer Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128055626 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 27
Book Description
The Aspen free-air carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment (FACE) experiment tested how three developing forest communities responded to elevated concentrations of CO2 and/or tropospheric ozone (O3). Throughout the 11-year experiment, elevated CO2 increased aboveground productivity, whereas the initial negative effects of elevated O3 on aboveground productivity became insignificant over time. During the first 2 years, fine root biomass and soil respiration responded positively to elevated CO2 and negatively to elevated O3. However, after 5 years, O3 effects on fine root biomass were weakly negative or positive and effects on soil respiration were positive. Despite altering litter inputs, neither elevated O3 nor elevated CO2 affected overall soil C storage at the end of the experiment, consistent with observations that elevated CO2 increased and elevated O3 tended to decrease the activity of litter-degrading extracellular enzymes. Overall, our understanding of belowground processes is still insufficient to predict how ecosystems will respond to global change.
Author: Fayez Raiesi Gahrooee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Elevated atmospheric CO2 has the potential to change the composition and dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) and consequently C and N cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Because of the long-lived nature of SOM, long-lasting experiments are required for studying the effect of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter dynamics. Therefore, the study of ecosystems that have been exposed to long-term enhanced CO2 concentrations is highly desirable for better understanding feedback mechanisms between litter production, litter quality, soil organic matter decomposability and the atmospheric CO2 level. This work deals with the effect of enhanced atmospheric CO2 on chemical composition and C and N mineralization in a leaf litter-soil organic matter continuum around a mineral CO2 spring in a Mediterranean woodland ecosystem. Leaf litter from Quercus cerris L., Quercus pubescens Willd. and Smilax aspera L., and soil samples from the forest floor (F and HA layers) and 0-10 cm mineral soil were taken at elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations, and analyzed for chemical composition (C, N, lignin, cellulose, polyphenols). C and N mineralization in plant litter and soil samples were determined using litterbag and laboratory incubation methods. Elevated CO2 affected neither chemical composition nor elemental ratios of leaf litter. The C mineralization rate during litter decomposition was not affected by elevated CO2, in accordance with the absence of a CO2 effect on litter quality. Leaf litter produced at high CO2 had a higher N mineralization during the initial stage of decomposition period. This difference, however, disappeared at the end of the incubation. Q. pubescens had a higher litter quality than Q. cerris, and subsequently in vitro faster C and N mineralization rates, but litter decomposition under field conditions did not differ significantly between the two species. Total C contents in the forest floor were higher at elevated CO2, but not so in the 0-10 cm mineral soil. For the three layers, total N contents and C/N ratios were not affected by elevated CO2. Total C and N pool sizes in the forest floor were doubled by elevated CO2, but such effects were not seen in the 0-10 cm mineral soil. The C mineralization rates of the three soil layers of the areas exposed to elevated CO2 did not differ from those of the areas under ambient conditions. Although N immobilization in the F and HA layers from the elevated CO2 plots was lower, that of the 0-10 cm A horizon was not affected by high CO2. The increase in the organic carbon pool of the forest floor in the absence of an effect of elevated CO2 on litter quality and decomposability can be explained by increased biomass production under elevated CO2. Under elevated CO2 soil N pools also increased, but the rate of N immobilization in forest floor was lower than that under ambient CO2. This study of long-term CO2 effects casts some doubt on the common view that elevated CO2 changes litter quality of plants, and thereby slows down decomposability of litter and N release. Because species composition has a strong influence on C and N cycles than elevated CO2, effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on species composition may be more important to feedbacks between CO2 concentration and soil organic matter than the CO2 effect on litter quality of a given species.
Author: Yana S. Valachovic Publisher: ISBN: Category : Forest litter Languages : en Pages : 148
Book Description
The effects of initial leaf litter chemistry of 16 common coniferous and deciduous hardwoods and shrubs on their annual decomposition patterns were studied on the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Oregon). Leaf litters were characterized by their chemical qualities, which included measurement of elemental fractions (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg), proximate fractions (non-polar, polar, acid-soluble extractives, acid-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble "Klason lignin"), and colorimetric characters (total phenolics, reactive polyphenolics, water-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble condensed tannins, and water and acid-insoluble condensed tannins). These analytical methods improve upon traditional proximate analysis (Ryan et al. 1990) used to characterize leaf litters, through measurement of reactive and residual phenolic fractions and acid-soluble lignin. This paper discusses the procedures that are involved in improving proximate analysis and the link between leaf chemistry and one year decomposition rates. Significant differences were found in leaf litter qualities and in decomposition rates (expressed as decay) among species. The annual decay (k) for the leaf litter ranged from 0.27 to 1.02. The decay values for all species combined had highly significant (p [less than or equal to] 0.0001) correlations with 29 out of the 36 initial chemistry variables tested. The three highest correlations were with acid-insoluble condensed tannins (r= 0.83 p [less than or equal to] 0.0001 n=339), the lignocellulose index (r= -0.81 p[less than or equal to] 0.0001, n=339) and acid-insoluble residue or 'Klason lignin" (r= -0.80 p [less than or equal to] 0.0001, n=339). A multiple regression model with all 16 species suggested that annual decomposition was best related to acid-insoluble condensed tannins, Klason lignin, water-insoluble condensed tannins, Ca and total phenolic:N (R2=0.84, p [less than or equal] 0.0001, n= 339). Correlation and multiple linear regression models with each species' decay rate revealed that no one single initial chemical predictor could best explain the decomposition rates for each of the 16 species and that there were a wide range of chemical predictors related to the patterns of decomposition for each species.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and O3 are altering the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Herbivorous insects are the major consumers in temperate deciduous forests, with the capacity to dramatically alter tree growth (via outbreaks), forest community composition and ecosystem dynamics (e.g., nutrient cycling). Until recently, however, experimental quantification of the impacts of CO2 and O3 on canopy herbivore communities and rates of defoliation and nutrient flux has not been addressed. This research, conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) facility in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., evaluated the independent and interactive effects of CO2 and O3 on (1) the abundance and diversity of forest canopy insect communities, and (2) rates of insect herbivory and transfer of material (leaf greenfall and insect frass) from the canopy to the forest floor. Results of studies of individual insects revealed that elevated CO2 and O3 influence the performance of individual species of damaging insect pests, but the magnitude of impact is influenced by both insect species and their host tree species. Censuses of canopy insects showed that some species were positively affected, some negatively affected, and some not affected by elevated CO2 and O3. Moreover, overall species diversity was generally not strongly affected by CO2 and O3. In summary, the effects of CO2 and O3 on forest insects is highly variable among species and over time, and thus difficult to generalize across broad taxonomic groups. Estimates of foliar damage revealed that CO2 and O3 have pronounced effects on canopy damage by insect herbivores. Averaged over three years, foliar biomass lost to insect feeding increased 86% in high CO2 environments and decreased 12% in high O3 environments. The increases/decreases were greater for aspen than for birch, indicating that the selective pressure of insects will shift across tree species in forests of the future. Herbivore-mediated material (green leaf tissue, insect frass) transfer from the canopy to the forest floor increased 37% in elevated CO2 and decreased 21% in elevated O3. Nitrogen transfers paralleled those results: 39% increase in elevated CO2 and 19% decrease in elevated O3.
Author: Josef Nösberger Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3540312374 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 480
Book Description
This book provides an up-to-date review of the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide on agroecosystems, forests, and grasslands. It summarizes the main findings from 13 experiments with annual crops, permanent pastures and plantation forests at 11 sites throughout the world during the past ten years. The results significantly alter our perception of how rising CO2 will directly affect these managed ecosystems.
Author: Publisher: CABI ISBN: 9780851997162 Category : Atmospheric carbon dioxide Languages : en Pages : 376
Book Description
This book provides a review, written by international forest scientists, of what is known about the impact of elevated CO2 and other greenhouse gases, on forest ecosystems.
Author: Rihard L. Lindroth
Author: Rihard L. Lindroth
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Author: Lingli Liu
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Author: Kurt S. Pregitzer
Author: Fayez Raiesi Gahrooee
Author: Yana S. Valachovic
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Author: Josef Nösberger
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