Early Years in Machine Translation PDF Download

Author: Charles P. Bourne
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262261753
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 522

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Book Description
A detailed chronology of the early, pre-Internet years of online information systems and services. Every field of history has a basic need for a detailed chronology of what happened: who did what when. In the absence of such a resource, fanciful accounts flourish. This book provides a rich narrative of the early development of online information retrieval systems and services, from 1963 to 1976—a period important to anyone who uses a search engine, online catalog, or large database. Drawing on personal experience, extensive research, and interviews with many of the key participants, the book describes the individuals, projects, and institutions of the period. It also corrects many common errors and misconceptions and provides milestones for many of the significant developments in online systems and technology.

Author: W. John Hutchins
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027283710
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 413

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Book Description
Machine translation (MT) was one of the first non-numerical applications of the computer in the 1950s and 1960s. With limited equipment and programming tools, researchers from a wide range of disciplines (electronics, linguistics, mathematics, engineering, etc.) tackled the unknown problems of language analysis and processing, investigated original and innovative methods and techniques, and laid the foundations not just of current MT systems and computerized tools for translators but also of natural language processing in general. This volume contains contributions by or about the major MT pioneers from the United States, Russia, East and West Europe, and Japan, with recollections of personal experiences, colleagues and rivals, the political and institutional background, the successes and disappointments, and above all the challenges and excitement of a new field with great practical importance. Each article includes a personal bibliography, and the editor provides an overview, chronology and list of sources for the period.

Author: Mark Priestley
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1848825552
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 344

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Book Description
Today, computers fulfil a dazzling array of roles, a flexibility resulting from the great range of programs that can be run on them. A Science of Operations examines the history of what we now call programming, defined not simply as computer programming, but more broadly as the definition of the steps involved in computations and other information-processing activities. This unique perspective highlights how the history of programming is distinct from the history of the computer, despite the close relationship between the two in the 20th century. The book also discusses how the development of programming languages is related to disparate fields which attempted to give a mechanical account of language on the one hand, and a linguistic account of machines on the other. Topics and features: Covers the early development of automatic computing, including Babbage’s “mechanical calculating engines” and the applications of punched-card technology, examines the theoretical work of mathematical logicians such as Kleene, Church, Post and Turing, and the machines built by Zuse and Aiken in the 1930s and 1940s, discusses the role that logic played in the development of the stored program computer, describes the “standard model” of machine-code programming popularised by Maurice Wilkes, presents the complete table for the universal Turing machine in the Appendices, investigates the rise of the initiatives aimed at developing higher-level programming nota tions, and how these came to be thought of as ‘languages’ that could be studied independently of a machine, examines the importance of the Algol 60 language, and the framework it provided for studying the design of programming languages and the process of software development and explores the early development of object-oriented languages, with a focus on the Smalltalk project. This fascinating text offers a new viewpoint for historians of science and technology, as well as for the general reader. The historical narrative builds the story in a clear and logical fashion, roughly following chronological order.

Author: Michael Sean Mahoney
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 0674055683
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 261

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Book Description
Computer technology is pervasive in the modern world, its role ever more important as it becomes embedded in a myriad of physical systems and disciplinary ways of thinking. The late Michael Sean Mahoney was a pioneer scholar of the history of computing, one of the first established historians of science to take seriously the challenges and opportunities posed by information technology to our understanding of the twentieth century. MahoneyÕs work ranged widely, from logic and the theory of computation to the development of software and applications as craft-work. But it was always informed by a unique perspective derived from his distinguished work on the history of medieval mathematics and experimental practice during the Scientific Revolution. His writings offered a new angle on very recent events and ideas and bridged the gaps between academic historians and computer scientists. Indeed, he came to believe that the field was irreducibly pluralistic and that there could be only histories of computing. In this collection, Thomas Haigh presents thirteen of MahoneyÕs essays and papers organized across three categories: historiography, software engineering, and theoretical computer science. His introduction surveys MahoneyÕs work to trace the development of key themes, illuminate connections among different areas of his research, and put his contributions into context. The volume also includes an essay on Mahoney by his former students Jed Z. Buchwald and D. Graham Burnett. The result is a landmark work, of interest to computer professionals as well as historians of technology and science.

Author: Fabio Gadducci
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319472860
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 334

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Book Description
This volume constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Computing, held in Pisa, Italy in October 2015. The 18 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from the 30 papers presented at the conference. They cover topics ranging from the world history of computing to the role of computing in the humanities and the arts.

Author: Dasso, Aristides
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1591408539
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 428

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Book Description
Validation and verification is an area of software engineering that has been around since the early stages of program development, especially one of its more known areas: testing. Testing, the dynamic side of validation and verification (V&V), has been complemented with other, more formal techniques of software engineering, and so the static verification – traditional in formal methods – has been joined by model checking and other techniques. Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering offers thorough coverage of many valuable formal and semiformal techniques of V&V. It explores, depicts, and provides examples of different applications in V&V that produce many areas of software development – including real-time applications – where V&V techniques are required.

Author: Allen Kent
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824720049
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 714

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Book Description
"The Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science provides an outstanding resource in 33 published volumes with 2 helpful indexes. This thorough reference set--written by 1300 eminent, international experts--offers librarians, information/computer scientists, bibliographers, documentalists, systems analysts, and students, convenient access to the techniques and tools of both library and information science. Impeccably researched, cross referenced, alphabetized by subject, and generously illustrated, the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science integrates the essential theoretical and practical information accumulating in this rapidly growing field."

Author: Walid Mohamed Taha
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3642030343
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 420

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Book Description
Dijkstra once wrote that computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes. Despite the many incredible advances in c- puter science from times that predate practical mechanical computing, there is still a myriad of fundamental questions in understanding the interface between computers and the rest of the world. Why is it still hard to mechanize many tasks that seem to be fundamentally routine, even as we see ever-increasing - pacity for raw mechanical computing? The disciplined study of domain-speci?c languages (DSLs) is an emerging area in computer science, and is one which has the potential to revolutionize the ?eld, and bring us closer to answering this question. DSLs are formalisms that have four general characteristics. – They relate to a well-de?ned domain of discourse, be it controlling tra?c lights or space ships. – They have well-de?ned notation, such as the ones that exist for prescribing music, dance routines, or strategy in a football game. – The informal or intuitive meaning of the notation is clear. This can easily be overlooked, especially since intuitive meaning can be expressed by many di?erent notations that may be received very di?erently by users. – The formal meaning is clear and mechanizable, as is, hopefully, the case for the instructions we give to our bank or to a merchant online.

Author: Robert C. Moore
Publisher: Center for the Study of Language (CSLI)
ISBN: 9781881526155
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 222

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Book Description
Logic and Representation brings together a collection of essays, written over a period of ten years, that apply formal logic and the notion of explicit representation of knowledge to a variety of problems in artificial intelligence, natural language semantics and the philosophy of mind and language. Particular attention is paid to modelling and reasoning about knowledge and belief, including reasoning about one's own beliefs, and the semantics of sentences about knowledge and belief. Robert C. Moore begins by exploring the role of logic in artificial intelligence, considering logic as an analytical tool, as a basis for reasoning systems, and as a programming language. He then looks at various logical analyses of propositional attitudes, including possible-world models, syntactic models, and models based on Russellian propositions. Next Moore examines autoepistemic logic, a logic for modelling reasoning about one's own beliefs. Rounding out the volume is a section on the semantics of natural language, including a survey of problems in semantic representation; a detailed study of the relations among events, situations, and adverbs; and a presentation of a unification-based approach to semantic interpretation. Robert C. Moore is principal scientist of the Artificial Intelligence Center of SRI International.

Author: Edmund Burke
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783540617945
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 408

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Book Description
Provides detailed information about the signal transduction pathways used by interferons to activate gene transcription. In addition, this book discusses how the same pathways are used by many other cytokines and thus provide a forum for cross-talk among these important biological response modifiers. Additionally, the book introduces the interferon system and describes the interferon-inducible genes whose products are responsible for the cellular actions of interferons. The nature of the interferon receptors and how the transcriptional signals are transmitted from the receptors on the cell surface to the genes in the nucleus are discussed in detail. Finally, the use of similar pathways of signal transduction by other cytokines is highlighted.