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Author: Yasmin Michelle Chalmers Publisher: ISBN: Category : Irrigation farming Languages : en Pages : 360
Book Description
This study aimed to understand the physiological behaviour of wine grape cultivars to sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) and how this deficit strategy would influence yield and composition of the grapes and wine. The research showed that an SDI of approximately 50% less water could be applied over one or two seasons with improvements in water use efficiency and berry composition compared to fully irrigated wines. Overall, if the wine industry was faced with reductions in water allocations of 50% or more in a particular season, then the adoption of SDI may be a feasible solution to maintaining winegrape production for the short term.
Author: Yasmin Michelle Chalmers Publisher: ISBN: Category : Irrigation farming Languages : en Pages : 360
Book Description
This study aimed to understand the physiological behaviour of wine grape cultivars to sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) and how this deficit strategy would influence yield and composition of the grapes and wine. The research showed that an SDI of approximately 50% less water could be applied over one or two seasons with improvements in water use efficiency and berry composition compared to fully irrigated wines. Overall, if the wine industry was faced with reductions in water allocations of 50% or more in a particular season, then the adoption of SDI may be a feasible solution to maintaining winegrape production for the short term.
Author: Constantin Heitkamp Publisher: ISBN: 9781321608861 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Six different deficit irrigation regimes with four subsamples each were established in a commercial Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard (Dunnigan Hills AVA) in 2011. This study details the second and third vintage of the experiment (2012/13). Three treatments were maintained at constant leaf water potential targets, notably: a well-watered Control (CTL, -10 bars), the grower control (RHP, -13 bars) and a minimal irrigation (ED-, -14.5 bars). Two more "early deficit" treatments were switched at veraison, namely ED (-14.5/-11 bars) and ED+ (-14.5/>-10 bars). A "late" deficit featured stress exclusively post-veraison (-11/-14.5 bars). Differences in canopy development resulting from water availability were especially apparent in 2012, but the planned remote-sensing/canopy modeling by an academic cooperator did not deliver tangible results. Grapes were harvested when treatments reached a 24 Brix target and analyzed by our industry cooperator. Triplicate fermentations of each treatment were performed at the UC Davis Pilot Winery and resulting wines analyzed again as well as submitted to a full descriptive analysis sensory study. Seasonality presented an overriding effect, with 2012 expressing more extreme examples than 2013. Yields were reduced by up to 60% by deficit treatments in relation to their severity, but partially recovered with late season irrigation (ED+). As previously reported, the number of berries per cluster was a main contributing factor. Grape composition was affected primarily in its polyphenolic content, with increases in total tannin and non-tannin phenols of up to 20% with more extreme and more consistent deficits. ED+ effectively recovered overall yield, but did not significantly differ from the well-watered control with regards to composition. Moreover, ED+ exhibited slow late-season sugar accumulation paired with increasing pH-values. Pyrazines were only registered during the 2012 season and followed the well-documented pattern of number of buds/vine and early season canopy light environment, resulting in LD having the highest (49ppt) and ED+ having the absolute lowest values (18ppt). Wine compositions followed the composition observed in grape, with no apparent indications of extractability differences. Wine color presented the most apparent difference, with RHP, LD and ED- exhibiting greater intensity, but only LD showing a noticeably purple hue. Pyrazines were undetectable in wines. Descriptive Analysis training of 15 judges of diverse demographics produced 13 aroma- and 6 taste/mouthfeel attributes. When assessed by year, wines only differed significantly in astringency and "hot" mouthfeel (2012) or astringency and sour taste (2013), all of which clearly followed the concentrations established by the grape and wine analyses. When analyzing both vintages, a total of 9 attributes returned significant differences mostly driven by seasonality, thus insufficiently characterizing treatment effects other than astringency and alcohol. Future work, as currently already partially underway, should examine deficit irrigation effects across different cultivars while recording specific plant metabolomics measurements or whole-canopy modeling. The quantification of individual anthocyanin- and polyphenol-species may prove helpful in determining extraction and color stabilization patterns. Given the recurrently negligible effect of yield and berry size, viticultural decisions should increasingly be driven by economical considerations supplemented by judgmental winemaking decisions to achieve the desired product.
Author: Radhika Iyer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 546
Book Description
Vine nutrition, particularly N application in wine grapes, is well known to enhance vine vigour and consequently grape and wine quality. Less is known about the interactive effects of N and irrigation on wine quality and Botrytis bunch rot incidence and severity. The Australian Wine Industry in its 5-year research plan (2002-07) identified Botrytis management strategies as a key area requiring a novel approach for minimizing fungicide application, which is critical to marketing of Australian wine both for the domestic and export markets. This study investigated the role of N nutrition and irrigation management for improving vine vigour, quality and yield of fruit through changes in canopy density and improving cuticular thickness of berries for Botrytis cinerea control using Chardonnay in two field-based (vineyard) trials and Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon in glasshouse-based trials. In the first and second year vineyard trials, 0,30 and 300 kg ha-1N were applied to the soil either with or without irrigation. Effects of N nutrition on B. cinerea infection were also investigated using varieties Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon in glasshouse trials under controlled conditions. Nitrogen (N) application in the glasshouse trials ranged from 25-400 kg ha-1. A leaf bioassay was developed to investigate the infection on leaves across varying N levels. Additional studies looked at effects of N treatment on the severity of B. cinerea infection in berries and resveratrol (stilbenes) in grape leaves, berries and wine in vineyards. In both vineyards, the N applied did not result in significant changes in canopy density, shoot length, yield, or wine quality parameters (OBrix, pH, acidity, total phenols, and N in berries). Also, no significant differences were seen in different levels of N treatment with respect to B. cinerea severity, and stilbene levels in vines over a 2-year period. In glasshouse trials, low N levels (25 kg ha-1) resulted in reduced shoot vigour, low yields and high susceptibility to infection. In contrast, N applications (200 and 400 kg ha-1) maximized vigour (wet cane weight) and imparted resistance in Chardonnay against B. cinerea infection. In Cabernet Sauvignon, the highest level of N application (400 kg ha-1) proved most beneficial in improving vigour and resistance against B. cinerea infection. Preliminary (qualitative) studies on the wax morphology of the berry surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed delayed secondary wax plate formation during the veraison period in some replicates of the high N and no irrigation treatment. Further intensive studies would be needed to explore this observation. Light microscopy studies performed to assess the cuticular thickness of the berry at different N treatments did not show any appreciable changes at different stages of berry growth. Field experimental results have implications for farmers and suggest that in regions where vines and soil are not deficient in N, grape growers could avoid excessive soil application of N fertilisers and irrigation to enhance vine vigour for minimizing B. cinerea infection.
Author: Jose De Sousa Camara Publisher: ISBN: 9781633214026 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 495
Book Description
Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Most cultivated vines belong to the European type (Vitis vinefera), the American bunch type (V. labrusca and its derivatives) or Muscadine type (V. rotundifolia). Grapes contain many of the most valuable elements necessary for life. In addition, it is known to have commendable medicinal qualities/properties, attributed mainly to polyphenols. They are famous as antioxidants, hormones, constituents of essential oils, natural neurotransmitters, and as having many other biological activities. Their antioxidant ability is known to confer many health benefits such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. They also provide antimicrobial activity for the plants own defense against invading pathogens. The diversity of structure and activity of phenolic compounds has resulted in a multiplicity of research areas such as chemistry, biotechnology, ecology, physiology, nutrition, medicine, and cosmetics. The understanding of grape and wine phenolics is an increasingly important requirement for managing wine styles efficiently and an important way to enhance their healthy benefit effects. The aim of this book is to describe grape production, its phenolic composition and the potential biomedical effects which are currently being researched. The areas of most interest at present and the subjects in which this interest is likely to continue or to increase in the following years have been selected. The book comprises 19 chapters, each written by authorities in the field with 59 contributing authors in total. Chapters are well referenced with regard to previous work, have appropriate chapter introductory sections accommodating non-specialists, students and experts in the field, and most end with a summary of conclusions and, in some cases, recommendations for future work or new standards, protocols or procedures.
Author: Markus Keller Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0124200087 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 522
Book Description
The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology is an introduction to the physical structure of the grapevine, its various organs, their functions and their interactions with the environment. Beginning with a brief overview of the botanical classification (including an introduction to the concepts of species, cultivars, clones, and rootstocks), plant morphology and anatomy, and growth cycles of grapevines, The Science of Grapevines covers the basic concepts in growth and development, water relations, photosynthesis and respiration, mineral uptake and utilization, and carbon partitioning. These concepts are put to use to understand plant-environment interactions including canopy dynamics, yield formation, and fruit composition, and concludes with an introduction to stress physiology, including water stress (drought and flooding), nutrient deficiency and excess, extreme temperatures (heat and cold), and the impact and response to of other organisms. Based on the author’s years of teaching grapevine anatomy as well as his research experience with grapevines and practical experience growing grapes, this book provides an important guide to understanding the entire plant. Chapter 7 broken into two chapters, now "Environmental Constraints and Stress Physiology and Chapter 8 "Living with Other Organisms" to better reflect specific concepts Integration of new research results including: Latest research on implementing drip irrigation to maximize sugar accumulation within grapes Effect of drought stress on grapevine’s hydraulic system and options for optimum plant maintenance in drought conditions The recently discovered plant hormone – strigolactones – and their contribution of apical dominance that has suddenly outdated dogma on apical dominance control Chapter summaries added Key literature references missed in the first edition as well as references to research completed since the 1e publication will be added
Author: Antonio Morata Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1789846129 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 298
Book Description
Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology is a collection of fifteen chapters that addresses different issues related to the technological and biotechnological management of vineyards and winemaking. It focuses on recent advances in the field of viticulture with interesting topics such as the development of a microvine model for research purposes, the mechanisms of cultivar adaptation and evolution in a climate change scenario, and the consequences of vine water deficit on yield components. Other topics include the metabolic profiling of different Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast species and their contribution in modulating the sensory quality of wines produced in warm regions, the use of new natural and sustainable fining agents, and available physical methods to reduce alcohol content. This volume will be of great interest to researchers and vine or wine professionals.
Author: Yasmin Michelle Chalmers
Author: Yasmin Michelle Chalmers
Author: Constantin Heitkamp
Author: Gabriel Balint
Author: Radhika Iyer
Author: Jose De Sousa Camara
Author: Wendy Cameron
Author: Markus Keller
Author: 
Author: Ian Goodwin
Author: Antonio Morata