Author: Robert H. JacksonPublisher: UNM Press
ISBN: 9780826317537
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 228
Book Description
A readable and succinct account of how Indians fared under their Spanish Franciscan colonizers.
Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization
Author: Robert H. JacksonPublisher: UNM Press
ISBN: 9780826317537
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 228
Book Description
A readable and succinct account of how Indians fared under their Spanish Franciscan colonizers.
Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization
Author: Robert H. JacksonConverting California
Author: James A. SandosPublisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 0300129122
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
This book is a compelling and balanced history of the California missions and their impact on the Indians they tried to convert. Focusing primarily on the religious conflict between the two groups, it sheds new light on the tensions, accomplishments, and limitations of the California mission experience. James A. Sandos, an eminent authority on the American West, traces the history of the Franciscan missions from the creation of the first one in 1769 until they were turned over to the public in 1836. Addressing such topics as the singular theology of the missions, the role of music in bonding Indians to Franciscan enterprises, the diseases caused by contact with the missions, and the Indian resistance to missionary activity, Sandos not only describes what happened in the California missions but offers a persuasive explanation for why it happened.
Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis
Author: Steven W. HackelPublisher: UNC Press Books
ISBN: 0807839019
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 497
Book Description
Recovering lost voices and exploring issues intimate and institutional, this sweeping examination of Spanish California illuminates Indian struggles against a confining colonial order and amidst harrowing depopulation. To capture the enormous challenges Indians confronted, Steven W. Hackel integrates textual and quantitative sources and weaves together analyses of disease and depopulation, marriage and sexuality, crime and punishment, and religious, economic, and political change. As colonization reduced their numbers and remade California, Indians congregated in missions, where they forged communities under Franciscan oversight. Yet missions proved disastrously unhealthful and coercive, as Franciscans sought control over Indians' beliefs and instituted unfamiliar systems of labor and punishment. Even so, remnants of Indian groups still survived when Mexican officials ended Franciscan rule in the 1830s. Many regained land and found strength in ancestral cultures that predated the Spaniards' arrival. At this study's heart are the dynamic interactions in and around Mission San Carlos Borromeo between Monterey region Indians (the Children of Coyote) and Spanish missionaries, soldiers, and settlers. Hackel places these local developments in the context of the California mission system and draws comparisons between California and other areas of the Spanish Borderlands and colonial America. Concentrating on the experiences of the Costanoan and Esselen peoples during the colonial period, Children of Coyote concludes with an epilogue that carries the story of their survival to the present day.
Ambiguities of Conquest
Author: Paul Albert LacsonPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Christianity and culture
Languages : en
Pages : 199
Book Description
My main argument in the dissertation is that ambiguity characterized the conquest of California. Challenging the dominant narrative that Franciscan missionaries possessed the wherewithal to convince thousands of coastal California Indians to forsake their native ways in order to become loyal Catholic subjects of the Spanish crown, my dissertation argues that Native Californians made creative use of Spanish colonization to suit their native purposes. In doing so, we find that unlike Franciscan missionaries, California Indians assumed and embraced ambiguity as a defining characteristic of their relationship to Catholicism and Spanish culture. This dissertation questions dichotomies that historians have taken for granted as almost natural: Christian Indians vs. non-Christian Indians, Hispanicized Indians vs. non-Hispanicized Indians, mission Indians vs. non-mission Indians, and neophytes vs. gentiles. Based on the documentation left behind by Franciscan missionaries and subsequent historians, one gets the impression that if you walked from a mission compound into a native community, the differences would be stark and easily observed: language, food, clothing, the built environment, spiritual rituals, daily subsistence practices, and even the most intimate sexual relationships would have been different. If we are to believe the Franciscan missionaries, the reason for such differences derived from the success of the Franciscans at converting Indians to the Catholic faith and introducing them to "civilization." My dissertation emphasizes the similarities between baptized Indians and non-baptized Indians. By examining native leadership patterns, cloth consumption, work practices, and the relationship between mission communities and Native Californians from interior regions, the dissertation de-emphasizes the role of Franciscan missionaries in shaping Indian-Spanish relations, and emphasizes the influence of California Indians, neophytes and non-Christian alike, in shaping the early history of Alta California.
New Viewpoints on the Spanish Colonization of America
Author: Silvio ZavalaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 136
Book Description
Franciscans and American Indians in Pan-Borderland Perspective
Author: Jeffrey M. BurnsPublisher:
ISBN: 9780883820704
Category : Florida
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Founded in 1565, St. Augustine was the multicultural, and often embattled, outpost of the Spanish empire. St. Augustine's economic, political, and religious power was reflected in other towns and villages that stretched across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Scholars frequently refer to this broad swath of territories as the "Spanish Borderlands." Of those who accompanied the Spanish to these lands, it was members of the Franciscan Order who, as missionaries, had the most direct contact and interaction with the diverse populations of American Indians. As the 450th anniversary of the founding of St. Augustine drew near, scholars from the Americas and Europe gathered on Mar 13-15, 2014, for the conference, "Franciscan Florida in Pan-Borderlands Perspective: Adaptation, Negotiation, and Resistance" at Flagler College in St. Augustine. The expressed intent of the gathering was, as David Hurst Thomas writes in the Introduction, to "address issues of acculturation, political and economic relations, religious conversions, and the nature of multiethnic relationships across the Spanish Borderlands." The result is a rich collection of essays from anthropologists, archaeologists, linguists, historians, and theologians. Diverse contributions of the Navajo, Hopi, and California tribal members in attendance was a reminder of the complexity of the thematic and an on-going challenge to continue research into new, and yet unexplored territories.
Missions and Mission Indians of California
Author: Henry W. HenshawPublisher: Literature and Knowledge Publishing
ISBN: 2366595980
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 70
Book Description
From the time of its discovery by Grijalva in 1534 until 1607, a number of fruitless attempts had been made by the Mexican authorities to colonize the peninsula of Lower California, and no small amount of treasure had been wasted in the efforts. The sole obstacle to the success of the schemes for colonization lay not in the indolent and peaceably disposed Indians, but in the barren and inhospitable nature of the country itself, the wastes of which offered but moderate subsistence to the natives, and nothing whatever to satisfy the love of adventure and the thirst for wealth of the Spaniard. Finding that all attempts to colonize the new country were failures, the Mexican Government turned it over to the Jesuits, who readily undertook its subjection to ecclesiastical authority. The first settlement was made on the Bay of San Dionisio in 1697. The establishment of the missions proper began immediately, and between this period and 1745 no fewer than fourteen were established on the peninsula. It was not until 1769 that the occupancy of Upper California was inaugurated by the founding of the mission of San Diego by the Franciscans, who had superseded the Jesuits in charge of mission work in western Spanish America. From this date until 1823 mission after mission was established to the number of twenty-one, until the entire coast area of California up to and a little beyond the Bay of San Francisco was under mission sway. As mission history forms one of the most interesting chapters relating to the aborigines of this continent, it is the purpose of the present paper to briefly notice the subject, with especial reference to some of the more salient features of mission life and its effect upon the natives. But, before turning to the subject proper, let us glance at the California Indian as he was found by the missionaries.
Franciscan Frontiersmen
Author: Robert A. KittlePublisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 0806158395
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 297
Book Description
Pious and scholarly, the Franciscan friars Pedro Font, Juan Crespí, and Francisco Garcés may at first seem improbable heroes. Beginning in Spain, their adventures encompassed the remote Sierra Gorda highlands of Mexico, the deserts of the American Southwest, and coastal California. Each man’s journey played an important role in Spain’s eighteenth-century conquest of the Pacific coast, but today their names and deeds are little known. Drawing on the diaries and correspondence of Font, Crespí, and Garcés, as well as his own exhaustive field research, Robert A. Kittle has woven a seamless narrative detailing the friars’ striking accomplishments. Starting with a harrowing transatlantic voyage, all three traveled through uncharted lands and found themselves beset by raiding Indians, marauding bears, starvation, and scurvy. Along the way, they made invaluable notes on indigenous peoples, flora and fauna, and prominent eighteenth-century European colonial figures. Font, the least celebrated of the three, recorded the daily events of the 1775–76 colonizing expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza while serving as its chaplain. Font’s legacy includes some of the earliest accurate maps of California between San Diego Bay and San Francisco Bay. Garcés, an itinerant missionary, developed close relationships with Indians in Sonora and California. He learned their languages and lived and traveled with them, usually as the only white man, and brokered dozens of peace agreements before he was killed in a Yuma uprising. Crespí, who traveled up the California coast with Father Junípero Serra, kept meticulous journals of an expedition to reconnoiter the San Francisco Bay area, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, and the northern reaches of California’s central valley. This enthralling narrative elevates these Spanish friars to their rightful place in the chronicle of American exploration. It brings their exploits out of the shadow of the American Revolution and Lewis & Clark expedition while also illuminating encounters between European explorers and missionaries and the American Indians who had occupied the Pacific coast for millennia.
Pames, Jonaces, and Franciscans in the Sierra Gorda
Author: Robert H. JacksonPublisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443864889
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550–1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory Náhuatl term “Chichimeca” or “Mecos”. Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs as they also did in central Mexico. In many cases, the missionaries focused their attention on the colonies of sedentary indigenous peoples established beyond the frontier. This study outlines efforts over more than 200 years to evangelize the Pames and Jonaces in a huge territory known as the Sierra Gorda that covered parts of the modern states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, and involved Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, and Jesuit missionaries. It documents the last missionary impulse spurred by the project of José de Escandón and a new group of Franciscan missionaries to get the Pames and Jonaces to adopt a sedentary lifestyle after two centuries of failed efforts.