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Author: Katylyn Jo Richardson Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cattle Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A series of studies were completed to determine if reproductive efficiency and offspring performance could be improved through the implementation of a novel method of embryonic selection and the proliferation of a desirable genotype in cattle. The first study evaluated the effectiveness of an Embryo Chamber to distinguish between viable and nonviable bovine embryos based on specific gravity of the embryo. In this study, 19 in vitro produced (IVP) and 15 in vivo derived (IVD) Grade 1 embryos were individually placed into a 0.5 mL semen straw of media and allowed to descend through the Embryo Chamber. Descent time through a vertical, one-centimeter timing region was recorded, and embryos were removed from the chamber and either transferred into recipient females or cryopreserved and transferred at a later date. In order to determine if Embryo Chamber evaluation had an effect on pregnancy status, 27 IVP and 12 IVD, Grade 1 embryos that were not evaluated with the Embryo Chamber were also transferred into recipient females at the time of project embryo transfer. Pregnancy was later determined via rectal ultrasound and recorded. There was no significant difference in conception rates between embryos evaluated with the Embryo Chamber and those not evaluated with the Embryo Chamber, indicating that chamber analysis had no negative impact on viability of both IVP (P = 0.54) and IVD (P = 0.93) embryos. Of the 34 total embryos evaluated with the Embryo Chamber, 22 resulted in successful implantation and pregnancy, with 13 pregnancies (68.4%) by IVP embryos and 9 (60%) by IVD. There was no difference in average descent time of pregnant and non-pregnant embryos for IVP (P = 0.54) or IVD embryos (P = 0.24). When divided into groups according to descent time, 32% of all observations for IVP embryos occurred between 30 to 50 s with a 66.7% conception rate, and 42% occurred between 70 to 90 s with a 75% conception rate (P = 0.85). For IVD, 60% of all observations occurred between 90 to 110 s, with a conception rate of 66.7% (P = 0.35). Analysis of the correlation between descent group and pregnancy outcome or descent time and pregnancy outcome showed no strong correlation for either production method. Though not significant, the trends highlighted in this data lend support to previous research with variations of the Specific Gravity Device. Further research is needed to thoroughly evaluate the potential of this technology as a method of noninvasive assessment of embryo quality. The second study evaluated the merit of an F1 USDA Prime, Yield Grade 1 carcass clone sire as a terminal sire in the beef x dairy production system. In this study, the clone sire, AxG1, and a purebred Angus reference sire, Foundation, were bred to dairy cows (n = 1,430) at a commercial Jersey dairy in the Texas Panhandle. Performance data from resulting offspring of these matings was collected and analyzed to assess differences in performance between the two sires. Post-partum dam data was also collected to determine if there were any negative impacts of sire on the subsequent reproductive performance of the dams. Conception rates were 39% for AxG1 and 30% for Foundation (P
Author: Katylyn Jo Richardson Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cattle Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A series of studies were completed to determine if reproductive efficiency and offspring performance could be improved through the implementation of a novel method of embryonic selection and the proliferation of a desirable genotype in cattle. The first study evaluated the effectiveness of an Embryo Chamber to distinguish between viable and nonviable bovine embryos based on specific gravity of the embryo. In this study, 19 in vitro produced (IVP) and 15 in vivo derived (IVD) Grade 1 embryos were individually placed into a 0.5 mL semen straw of media and allowed to descend through the Embryo Chamber. Descent time through a vertical, one-centimeter timing region was recorded, and embryos were removed from the chamber and either transferred into recipient females or cryopreserved and transferred at a later date. In order to determine if Embryo Chamber evaluation had an effect on pregnancy status, 27 IVP and 12 IVD, Grade 1 embryos that were not evaluated with the Embryo Chamber were also transferred into recipient females at the time of project embryo transfer. Pregnancy was later determined via rectal ultrasound and recorded. There was no significant difference in conception rates between embryos evaluated with the Embryo Chamber and those not evaluated with the Embryo Chamber, indicating that chamber analysis had no negative impact on viability of both IVP (P = 0.54) and IVD (P = 0.93) embryos. Of the 34 total embryos evaluated with the Embryo Chamber, 22 resulted in successful implantation and pregnancy, with 13 pregnancies (68.4%) by IVP embryos and 9 (60%) by IVD. There was no difference in average descent time of pregnant and non-pregnant embryos for IVP (P = 0.54) or IVD embryos (P = 0.24). When divided into groups according to descent time, 32% of all observations for IVP embryos occurred between 30 to 50 s with a 66.7% conception rate, and 42% occurred between 70 to 90 s with a 75% conception rate (P = 0.85). For IVD, 60% of all observations occurred between 90 to 110 s, with a conception rate of 66.7% (P = 0.35). Analysis of the correlation between descent group and pregnancy outcome or descent time and pregnancy outcome showed no strong correlation for either production method. Though not significant, the trends highlighted in this data lend support to previous research with variations of the Specific Gravity Device. Further research is needed to thoroughly evaluate the potential of this technology as a method of noninvasive assessment of embryo quality. The second study evaluated the merit of an F1 USDA Prime, Yield Grade 1 carcass clone sire as a terminal sire in the beef x dairy production system. In this study, the clone sire, AxG1, and a purebred Angus reference sire, Foundation, were bred to dairy cows (n = 1,430) at a commercial Jersey dairy in the Texas Panhandle. Performance data from resulting offspring of these matings was collected and analyzed to assess differences in performance between the two sires. Post-partum dam data was also collected to determine if there were any negative impacts of sire on the subsequent reproductive performance of the dams. Conception rates were 39% for AxG1 and 30% for Foundation (P
Author: Fernando Alfonso Di Croce Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 192
Book Description
The overall aim of the studies described herein was to evaluate genetic variation in cattle fertility traits for development of genetic and genomic predictors in breeding strategies. Results from these experiments suggest that improvements in fertility through genetic selection are a possible approach to increase reproductive efficiency. Experiment 1 evaluated the development of genetic parameters associated with multiple ovulation and embryo transfer schemes in an attempt to assist producers in identifying animals with greater genetic merit for these protocols. This study confirmed that genetic selection of donors or sires appears to be a potential approach to improve efficiency of MOET procedures. Although low heritability would slow the progress, results shown in this work suggest that genetic improvement in fertility by selection for embryo transfer traits is possible. Experiment 2 evaluated fertility traits in Argentinean Holstein cattle in order to develop fertility genetic predictors for utilization in breeding strategies. The dollar fertility index ($F) included age to first calving (AFC) as a measure of initial reproductive performance and calving interval (CI) as an indicator of conception rate and success of early insemination. Values for $F ranged from -$76.6 to $139.4 in the current Holstein population. Results indicated substantial variation in fertility traits, suggesting that genetic selection would be highly effective in improving fertility.
Author: Bhanu P. Chowdhary Publisher: S. Karger AG (Switzerland) ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 376
Book Description
This publication provides an update on the current status of gene maps in different livestock and pet/companion animal species. The findings summarized in species specific commentaries and original articles testify the rapid advances made in the field of animal genomics. Of significant interest is the fact that current investigations are providing headways for two important and exciting research fronts: targeted high-resolution mapping leading to the application of genomic information in addressing questions of economic and biological significance in animals, and the initiation of whole genome sequencing projects for some of the animal species. Like in humans and mice, this will set the stage for a new level of research and real time complex analysis of the genomes of these species. Animal Genomics signifies the beginning of a new era in this field and celebrates the achievements of the past 20 years of genomics research. It will be of special interest to researchers involved in genome analysis - both gross chromosomal as well as molecular - in various animal species, and to comparative and evolutionary geneticists.
Author: Victor Arthur Rice Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies ISBN: Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 504
Book Description
Breeding and improvement of farm animals; Basic process of inheritance; The anatomy of the reproducive system; The physiology of the reproductive systems; The potpourri - lethals, antigens and others; Variation; Population genetics; Inbreeding and relationship; Outbreeding; Principles of selection; Improving dairy cattle, beef cattle, swine and sheep; Retrospect and prospect.
Author: Emily Marie Sitko Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Research presented in this thesis aimed at improving the efficiency of dairy farms through the development of targeted reproductive management strategies (TRM) based on genomically enhanced predictions of fertility, and the elucidation of associations between genetic merit for fertility and biological outcomes that affect dairy cow reproductive performance.Chapter II and III present the results of an experiment designed to compare the association between genetic merit for fertility and reproductive and profitability outcomes of cows submitted for artificial insemination (AI) with management programs that prioritized AI at detected estrus (AIE) or timed AI (TAI). Another objective was to determine if cows with different genetic potential for fertility would present a distinct response to the strategies compared. The study presented in Chapter IV and V characterized associations between genetic merit for fertility and biological parameters known to alter reproductive performance of cows. Results presented in Chapter II and III indicated that primiparous Holstein cows of superior genetic merit for fertility had better reproductive performance than cows of inferior genetic merit for fertility regardless of the type of reproductive management used. In addition, the effect of TRM based on genetic merit for fertility on reproductive performance depended on the outcome or sets of outcomes of interest evaluated. For example, cows of superior and intermediate genetic merit for fertility had greater P/AI when managed with the predominant TAI program but reduced days to pregnancy when managed with the program that prioritized AIE. Cows of inferior fertility also had greater first service P/AI with the program that prioritized TAI but had similar days to pregnancy with both management strategies. From an economic standpoint, cows of inferior fertility had greater cash flow than cows of superior fertility. For cows in specific fertility groups, the effects of the reproductive management strategies compared generated differences in cash flow of potential value for commercial dairy farms. The study presented in Chapter IV and V demonstrated a potential association of genomic merit for fertility with physiological and endocrine parameters known to affect reproductive performance of dairy cows. Particularly, cows of inferior genetic merit for fertility had poorer uterine health, decreased response to synchronization of estrus and ovulation, and were more likely to present altered ovarian and hormonal phenotypes that led to more frequent expression of atypical estrous cycles as compared with cows of superior genetic merit for fertility. Overall, we observed that genetically enhanced predictions of fertility might be a suitable tool for decision making in TRM. Additionally, the value of TRM programs for cows of different genetic merit for fertility might be on improving aspects of herd management such as simplifying program implementation or reducing reliance on hormonal interventions while maintaining acceptable levels of reproductive performance. An improved understanding of biological differences associated with genetic variation, such as our observations in Chapter IV and V, may be beneficial for the development of novel TRM and technologies to improve the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. This novel information could also support the development of new traits for selection of fertility.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309166152 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 254
Book Description
Assists policymakers in evaluating the appropriate scientific methods for detecting unintended changes in food and assessing the potential for adverse health effects from genetically modified products. In this book, the committee recommended that greater scrutiny should be given to foods containing new compounds or unusual amounts of naturally occurring substances, regardless of the method used to create them. The book offers a framework to guide federal agencies in selecting the route of safety assessment. It identifies and recommends several pre- and post-market approaches to guide the assessment of unintended compositional changes that could result from genetically modified foods and research avenues to fill the knowledge gaps.
Author: Fuller W. Bazer Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128170530 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 560
Book Description
Animal Agriculture: Sustainability, Challenges and Innovations discusses the land-based production of high-quality protein by livestock and poultry and how it plays an important role in improving human nutrition, growth and health. With exponential growth of the global population and marked rises in meat consumption per capita, demands for animal-source protein are expected to increase 72% between 2013 and 2050. This raises concerns about the sustainability and environmental impacts of animal agriculture. An attractive solution to meeting increasing needs for animal products and mitigating undesirable effects of agricultural practices is to enhance the efficiency of animal growth, reproduction, and lactation. Currently, there is no resource that offers specific knowledge of both animal science and technology, including biotechnology for the sustainability of animal agriculture for the expanding global demand of food in the face of diminishing resources. This book fills that gap, giving readers all the necessary information on important issues facing modern animal agriculture, namely its sustainability, challenges and innovative solutions. - Integrates new knowledge in animal breeding, biotechnology, nutrition, reproduction and management - Addresses the urgent issue of sustainability in modern animal agriculture - Provides practical solutions on how to solve the current and future problems that face animal agriculture worldwide
Author: Peter J. H. Ball Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: 1405148012 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 248
Book Description
Cattle play a fundamental role in animal agriculture throughout the world. They not only provide us with a vital food source, but they also provide us with fertilizer and fuel. Keeping reproduction levels at an optimum level is therefore essential, but this is often a complicated process, especially with modern, high yielding cows. Written in a practical and user-friendly style, this book aims to help the reader understand cattle reproduction by explaining the underlying physiology of the reproductive process and the role and importance of pharmacology and technology, and showing how management techniques can improve reproductive efficiency. This edition includes: Recent research findings on the physiology of the oestrous cycle and its control; New techniques for monitoring and manipulating reproduction, including pregnancy diagnosis and embryo transfer; Advice on identifying common infertility problems and how to prevent and treat them. Reproduction Cattle 3e is essential reading for veterinary and agricultural students, as well as veterinarians and farmers involved in cattle reproduction.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309084393 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 201
Book Description
Genetic-based animal biotechnology has produced new food and pharmaceutical products and promises many more advances to benefit humankind. These exciting prospects are accompanied by considerable unease, however, about matters such as safety and ethics. This book identifies science-based and policy-related concerns about animal biotechnologyâ€"key issues that must be resolved before the new breakthroughs can reach their potential. The book includes a short history of the field and provides understandable definitions of terms like cloning. Looking at technologies on the near horizon, the authors discuss what we know and what we fear about their effectsâ€"the inadvertent release of dangerous microorganisms, the safety of products derived from biotechnology, the impact of genetically engineered animals on their environment. In addition to these concerns, the book explores animal welfare concerns, and our societal and institutional capacity to manage and regulate the technology and its products. This accessible volume will be important to everyone interested in the implications of the use of animal biotechnology.
Author: Susanne Hermesch Publisher: ISBN: 9781921597862 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Breeding Focus 2021 - Improving reproduction" is the fourth workshop in the series. The Breeding Focus series was developed to provide an opportunity for exchange between industry and research across a number of agricultural industry sectors. Reproduction is a main economic driver for profitability and genetic gain. Successful reproduction is a complex characteristic comprising the formation of reproductive cells, successful mating and fertilisation, embryonic and fetal growth and eventually a successful birthing event. In livestock species, reproduction traits have mostly low heritabilities, which makes it challenging to improve reproduction as part of a multiple trait breeding objective. The complexity arises not just from the cascade of processes required to result in successful reproduction, but the relevant traits are different in males and females and they are influenced through health and fitness, nutrition, climate and other environmental and management factors.
Author: Katylyn Jo Richardson
Author: Katylyn Jo Richardson
Author: Fernando Alfonso Di Croce
Author: Bhanu P. Chowdhary
Author: Victor Arthur Rice
Author: Emily Marie Sitko
Author: National Research Council
Author: Fuller W. Bazer
Author: Peter J. H. Ball
Author: National Research Council
Author: Susanne Hermesch