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Author: Sanna Yuan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Incentive (Psychology) Languages : en Pages : 130
Book Description
Incentive contrast effects occur when reward values change from previous experience and comparisons are made between the previous and current value. The value reupdating depends on the relative outcomes that are comparable. The changes occur after exposure to the identical reward whose value has changed depending upon the differences between previous and current experiences. Studies have been done to examine the incentive contrast effects using extrinsic rewards, such as money and points earned. However, no studies have been done to investigate if intrinsic rewards can induce incentive contrast effects in humans and in general, how brain oscillations change related to incentive contrast effects. We predicted that the order of exposure to different levels of difficulty of the game would lead to incentive contrast effects. Specifically, we hypothesized that the performance of game playing would be enhanced in the easier-level immediately preceded by the difficult-level (positive contrast) and impaired in the difficult-level when preceded by an easier-level (negative contrast). Moreover, the greater positive emotional response was predicted to lead to better performance, while negative emotion would result in bad performance. In Experiment 2, brain oscillations were recorded at Fz and Cz sites after each session of game playing. We hypothesized that the power of beta oscillation would increase in positive incentive contrast, while the power of theta oscillation would increase in negative incentive contrast. Furthermore, we believe the theta/beta ratio would decrease in positive incentive contrast and increase in negative incentive contrast. Results supported these predictions partially that only negative behavioral incentive contrast effect was revealed in Experiment 1. The performance in the games was positively related to motivation and positive affect and negatively related to negative affect (frustration). No incentive contrast effect was found in psychological measures and brain oscillations in experiment 2. However, beta oscillation was discovered to be positively related to game difficulty. Conversely, theta/beta ratio decreased with game difficulty. These explorative studies will broaden the research of incentive contrast effects to intrinsic reward and provide some new insights into the brain mechanism of reward processing and specifically, incentive contrast effects.
Author: Sanna Yuan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Incentive (Psychology) Languages : en Pages : 130
Book Description
Incentive contrast effects occur when reward values change from previous experience and comparisons are made between the previous and current value. The value reupdating depends on the relative outcomes that are comparable. The changes occur after exposure to the identical reward whose value has changed depending upon the differences between previous and current experiences. Studies have been done to examine the incentive contrast effects using extrinsic rewards, such as money and points earned. However, no studies have been done to investigate if intrinsic rewards can induce incentive contrast effects in humans and in general, how brain oscillations change related to incentive contrast effects. We predicted that the order of exposure to different levels of difficulty of the game would lead to incentive contrast effects. Specifically, we hypothesized that the performance of game playing would be enhanced in the easier-level immediately preceded by the difficult-level (positive contrast) and impaired in the difficult-level when preceded by an easier-level (negative contrast). Moreover, the greater positive emotional response was predicted to lead to better performance, while negative emotion would result in bad performance. In Experiment 2, brain oscillations were recorded at Fz and Cz sites after each session of game playing. We hypothesized that the power of beta oscillation would increase in positive incentive contrast, while the power of theta oscillation would increase in negative incentive contrast. Furthermore, we believe the theta/beta ratio would decrease in positive incentive contrast and increase in negative incentive contrast. Results supported these predictions partially that only negative behavioral incentive contrast effect was revealed in Experiment 1. The performance in the games was positively related to motivation and positive affect and negatively related to negative affect (frustration). No incentive contrast effect was found in psychological measures and brain oscillations in experiment 2. However, beta oscillation was discovered to be positively related to game difficulty. Conversely, theta/beta ratio decreased with game difficulty. These explorative studies will broaden the research of incentive contrast effects to intrinsic reward and provide some new insights into the brain mechanism of reward processing and specifically, incentive contrast effects.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309225078 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 111
Book Description
In recent years there have been increasing efforts to use accountability systems based on large-scale tests of students as a mechanism for improving student achievement. The federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a prominent example of such an effort, but it is only the continuation of a steady trend toward greater test-based accountability in education that has been going on for decades. Over time, such accountability systems included ever-stronger incentives to motivate school administrators, teachers, and students to perform better. Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education reviews and synthesizes relevant research from economics, psychology, education, and related fields about how incentives work in educational accountability systems. The book helps identify circumstances in which test-based incentives may have a positive or a negative impact on student learning and offers recommendations for how to improve current test-based accountability policies. The most important directions for further research are also highlighted. For the first time, research and theory on incentives from the fields of economics, psychology, and educational measurement have all been pulled together and synthesized. Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education will inform people about the motivation of educators and students and inform policy discussions about NCLB and state accountability systems. Education researchers, K-12 school administrators and teachers, as well as graduate students studying education policy and educational measurement will use this book to learn more about the motivation of educators and students. Education policy makers at all levels of government will rely on this book to inform policy discussions about NCLB and state accountability systems.
Author: Charles F. Flaherty Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521658638 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 244
Book Description
Disappointment and recovery occur frequently in life; as does irritation regarding ones financial or economic state compared to others. Incentive relativity is the study of this phenomenon, and this book provides a full account of the subject, suitable for behavioral scientists and psychologists. The book shows that animals also respond on the basis of the relative value of rewards - current compared to previous, to the reward available in one situation versus what is available in another context. These relativity effects are stressful in animals but they may also be adaptive, driving animals to seek the best that is available. The book demonstrates that animal research may lead to an understanding of individual differences in discernment and susceptibility to disappointment and to an understanding of both the advantages and disadvantages of dissatisfaction.
Author: Martin S. Hagger Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108750117 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 730
Book Description
Social problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have compelled governments and organizations to prioritize and mobilize efforts to develop effective, evidence-based means to promote adaptive behavior change. In recognition of this impetus, The Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. It summarizes current evidence-based approaches to behavior change in chapters authored by leading theorists, researchers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, philosophy, and implementation science. It is the go-to resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policy makers looking for current knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior.
Author: K. Ann Renninger Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1316832473 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 1172
Book Description
Written by leading researchers in educational and social psychology, learning science, and neuroscience, this edited volume is suitable for a wide-academic readership. It gives definitions of key terms related to motivation and learning alongside developed explanations of significant findings in the field. It also presents cohesive descriptions concerning how motivation relates to learning, and produces a novel and insightful combination of issues and findings from studies of motivation and/or learning across the authors' collective range of scientific fields. The authors provide a variety of perspectives on motivational constructs and their measurement, which can be used by multiple and distinct scientific communities, both basic and applied.
Author: Shane Parrish Publisher: Penguin ISBN: 0593719972 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 209
Book Description
Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage.
Author: Arnold H. Buss Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317785126 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 279
Book Description
This innovative study focuses on seven inherent personality traits humans share with primates; activity, fearfulness, impulsivity, sociability, altruism, aggressiveness, and dominance. The author discusses these traits from the dual perspective of our evolutionary history and our human uniqueness.
Author: Sanna Yuan
Author: Sanna Yuan
Author: Bonnie Lee Davis
Author: Thelma Lucille Baldwin
Author: National Research Council
Author: Charles F. Flaherty
Author: Martin S. Hagger
Author: K. Ann Renninger
Author: Shane Parrish
Author: Arnold H. Buss
Author: Amado M. Padilla