Author: Gerald William Grams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmosphere
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: J. B. Wedding
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 63

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Book Description
There exists a need to develop new instrumentation which can provide an in-situ, real time measurement of the total differential scattering patterns from individual airborne particles of different composition and shape under natural and man-made atmospheric conditions. During the Phase I study, a literature survey was conducted, system requirements developed for an in-situ, multi-wavelength, multichannel nephelometer system, and technical feasibilities were investigated. Finally, design parameters of the nephelometer system including the particle sampling inlet, the optical system, and the data acquisition system were optimized. The proposed nephelometer system will measure the differential scattering patterns of individual aerosol particles at three laser wavelengths, in three scattering planes. Successful development of such an instrument during the Phase II efforts will assist in filling the void of knowledge of the optical/infrared properties of atmospheric aerosols and their interactions with electromagnetic radiation fields. (Author).

Author: Frank W. Gibson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 38

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A large modified polar nephelometer was constructed for the purpose of making high altitude atmospheric optics measurements. The instrument is balloon-borne and measures the angular volume scattering function from ground to better than 26 km in absolute quantities. The results of the initial flight with the unit are presented and they depict the variability in this parameter over the altitude profile for three scattering angles and four wavelengths. In addition, the polarization and the forward-to-backscatter ratio of the scattered light are shown to be sensitive indicators of the atmosphere's vertical aerosol structure. The import of these preliminary results is, however, in pointing out the capabilities of this instrument, which can provide quantitative information on fundamental optical parameters of the atmosphere without the constraints inherent in other techniques.

Author: Clinton J. McCrowey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 83

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Book Description
The interaction of solar radiation with atmospheric aerosol particles has an important, yet poorly understood, effect on Earth's radiation balance. Indeed it is unclear whether certain particles provide a net warming or cooling effect on Earth's climate. Also, atmospheric particles can alter visibility in the atmosphere, particularly in urban areas and the optical properties of aerosol particles need to be better understood for remote sensing studies of the atmosphere. This thesis presents a novel, miniaturized, field deployable polar nephelometer for the measurement of the scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles. The instrument collects light scattered from an aerosol using an elliptical mirror and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The nephelometer measures angular scattering intensity (phase function) and degree of linear polarization across an angle range of 200 - 155 degrees at a resolution as high as 0.31 - 0.59 degrees per pixel, a better resolution than previous instruments. The efficacy of the instrument was confirmed by laboratory measurements of the scattering properties of various sizes of polystyrene latex (PSL) microspheres at a wavelength of 532 nm. The simplicity of the design, relatively low cost, and ability to measure multiple angles simultaneously makes this instrument an improvement over other, more complicated devices. The design can potentially be adapted to future ground and aircraft-based studies of anthropogenic and naturally occurring atmospheric particles.

Author: Gerald William Grams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 88

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Author: Alison Bain
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
"Aerosol is ubiquitous in our atmosphere, yet still poses great uncertainty to climate models. Central to accurate predictions of aerosol radiative forcing is an accurate description of the scattering and absorption of solar radiation by aerosol, which can be described by the complex refractive index (RI). The RI of aerosol depends on the wavelength of incident light and the temperature as well as its chemical composition. In the atmosphere, aerosol may contain a number of different organic and inorganic components. Furthermore, as aerosol is transported though the atmosphere and encounters air of varying relative humidity its water content will change to remain at equilibrium with its surroundings. All of these factors must be taken into consideration in order to accurately determine the RI of atmospheric aerosol.The RI of single, optically trapped particles can be determined through the collection and fitting of Mie scattered light. By monitoring optically trapped particles it is possible to mimic atmospheric conditions. Importantly for investigating the RI of aerosol, single particle experiments allow for the characterization of supersaturated states not accessible through bulk measurements. Throughout this thesis, the refractive indices of various aerosol types are determined using optical trapping methods.First, in order to find the most accurate method of determining the RI of aerosol, retrieval using the morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) in the Mie scattering spectrum is compared to phase function fitting. Using the MDRs is found to be more accurate and less computationally demanding than phase function fitting. MDRs and the Mie scattering spectrum are then used throughout the rest of this thesis to determine the optical properties of aerosol.Next, the optical properties of absorbing particles are investigated. Single, absorbing particles are held in a photophoretic trap, illuminated with a broadband light source and the broadband Mie scattering spectrum is collected. Here, the full Mie scattering spectrum is fit using Lorentzian oscillators to describe the absorption features observed as scattering minima in the spectra. Using the causal relationship between the real and imaginary parts of the RI described by the Kramers-Kronig relation, the wavelength-dependent complex RI is determined for these particles.The complex RI of weakly absorbing particles is then considered. Using cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, while slowly heating the particle by increasing the trapping beam power, both the real and imaginary parts of the RI of several aqueous solutions whose optical properties are relevant to aqueous sea-salt particles and aqueous organic aerosol are measured. The far-UV transitions that give rise to the RI in the visible region for weak absorbers is modeled with an effective Lorentzian oscillator. The effective oscillator model accurately describes both the real and imaginary parts of the RI of aqueous solutions across a wide range of water activities and optical wavelengths. It is shown that mixing rule calculations utilizing oscillator parameters from solutions containing a single solute and water can be used to predict the optical properties of aqueous solutions containing multiple solutes.Finally, this model is extended to consider the contributions of individual ions to theRI of aerosol. Since the absorption of weakly absorbing aerosol is small and is often neglected, broadband scattering is utilized to determine only the real part of the refractiveindex. The oscillator parameters determined for ions accurately predict the RI as a function of both water content and wavelength for aqueous salts and strong acids.Furthermore, the RI of ternary organic-inorganic mixtures using these oscillatorparameters agree with experimentally determined refractive indices. In addition, the effectof temperature on RI within the framework of the effective oscillator modelis also explored"--

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Physics
Languages : en
Pages : 1050

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Author: Abdur Rasheed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 136

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Book Description

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic physics
Languages : en
Pages : 1340

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Book Description

Author: David R. Reidmiller
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 240

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Book Description