Improved Understanding of Firebrand Processes During Large Scale Fire Disasters PDF Download

Author: Samuel L. Manzello
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889746887
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 127

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Author: Gregory A. Kopp
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889455106
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 143

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Book Description
Global economic losses due to severe weather events have grown dramatically over the past two decades. A large proportion of these losses are due to severe wind storms such as tropical cyclones and tornadoes, which can cause destruction to buildings, houses, and other infrastructure over large areas. To address the growing losses, many new large-scale and full-scale laboratories have been developed. These tools are used to examine the issues that could not be solved with the traditional tools of wind engineering including model-scale boundary layer wind tunnels, simplified standardized product tests, and other methods of analysis. This book presents state-of-the-art results from the development of the many novel approaches being used to mitigate natural disasters around the world.

Author: Savannah Storm Wessies
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Every year, there are thousands of wildland fires instances. These fires burn vegetation and built structures. In many cases, the wildfires burn at the wildland-urban interface (WUI) where homes and other manmade structures can be found. One of the major ways manmade structures are ignited is through firebrand spotting downwind of the fire front. Ignition by firebrands is a complex process involving environmental factors, geometric considerations, and characteristics of the firebrands and substrates. Experiments were designed to investigate the ignition mechanisms and heat transfer processes involved in firebrand deposition to better understand the threat firebrand deposition poses to the built environment in the WUI. In experiments with attic insulation, the effects of airflow condition, substrate material, and firebrand configuration (single v. multiple) on ignition by firebrands were studied. These experiments revealed that increased airflow led to increased firebrand temperature and decreased time to ignition. In general, these experiments also showed that a relatively smaller pile of firebrands lead to quicker ignition times than a larger single firebrand for the same substrate material and flow conditions. In addition to the experiments, a heat and mass transfer model was developed, which matched well with experimental results. To better understand the heat transfer associated with a small, high temperature object deposited on a much larger, cool substrate, experiments were conducted with a variable flow air jet impinging on a high temperature cylinder cooling on a calcium silicate substrate. Using the experimental temperature data, experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients, and known radiative properties, the parameters for a conductive heat transfer model were deduced by optimization. Through this modeling process, the relative contribution of the different modes of heat transfer was determined. This understanding of how the heat transfer processes evolve is important to understanding the hazard posed by a firebrand. Additional experiments with the impinging jet flow were conducted on reacting firebrands placed on an inert substrate to understand the differences in the heat transfer processes with a reacting source. Higher flow conditions led to higher firebrand temperatures. The geometrical configuration between the firebrand and the substrate influenced the firebrand temperatures and the thermal propagation into the substrate. Experiments with hot, surrogate firebrands on non-flame retardant and flame retardant mulch fuel beds were conducted to explore how flame retardants affect ignition by a hot body under various impinging jet flows. The presence of flame retardants was found to delay time to ignition and decrease ignition propensity. Finally, experiments were conducted with reacting firebrands and cellulose insulation fuel beds under an impinging jet flow. These experiments allowed for the exploration of characteristic ignition signatures with in the fuel bed. The reacting area growth rate for these experiments provided an indication of flaming or smoldering ignition, which agreed well with visual observations

Author: Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108660886
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 193

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A Gallery of Combustion and Fire is the first book to provide a graphical perspective of the extremely visual phenomenon of combustion in full color. It is designed primarily to be used in parallel with, and supplement existing combustion textbooks that are usually in black and white, making it a challenge to visualize such a graphic phenomenon. Each image includes a description of how it was generated, which is detailed enough for the expert but simple enough for the novice. Processes range from small scale academic flames up to full scale industrial flames under a wide range of conditions such as low and normal gravity, atmospheric to high pressures, actual and simulated flames, and controlled and uncontrolled flames. Containing over 500 color images, with over 230 contributors from over 75 organizations, this volume is a valuable asset for experts and novices alike.

Author: Phil Cheney
Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING
ISBN: 0643093834
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 161

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Book Description
Grassfirespresents the latest information from CSIRO on the behavior and spread of fires in grasslands. This second edition follows ten years of research aimed at improving the understanding of fundamental processes involved in the behavior of bushfires and grassfires. The book has been extensively revised and new case studies have been added to reflect the latest findings in research and investigations. The book covers all aspects of fire behavior and spread in the major types of grasses in Australia. It examines the factors that affect fire behavior in continuous grassy fuels; fire in spinifex fuels; the effect of weather and topography on fire spread; wildfire suppression strategies; and how to reconstruct grassfire spread after the fact. The three fire-spread meters designed by CSIRO and used for the prediction of fire danger and rate of spread of grassfires are explained and their use and limitations discussed. This new edition expands on the historical view of grassfires with respect to extensive Aboriginal burning, combustion chemistry, flame structure and temperature, spotting and spread in discontinuous/eaten out fuels, and the effect of wind in complex terrain. The case studies in the chapter "Wildfires and Their Suppression" have been updated and include the major wild grassfire events of recent years, the January 2003 ACT fires and the 2005 Wangary, SA fire. The "Myths, Facts and Fallacies" chapter includes new myths and a new section on personal safety during a wild grass fire. Of interest to all rural fire fighters and rural landholders, students and teachers of courses on landscape and ecological processes, rural and peri-urban dwellers, fire authorities and researchers.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 696

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Author: Samuel L. Manzello
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319520896
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This reference work encompasses the current, accepted state of the art in the science of wildfires and wildfires that spread to communities, known as wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires. 171 author contributions include accepted knowledge on these topics from throughout the world, all written by the leading researchers, experts, practitioners, and academics. This encyclopedia is an invaluable reference for newcomers to the field, as well as researchers, students, developers, and professionals who are interested in exploring this dynamic area. General Sections include: Combustion Coordination System Locations Fire Whirls Firebrands and Embers Incident Management Team (IMT) Support Locations Incident Response Support Locations On-the-Incident Locations Soot and Effects on Wildland/WUI Fire Behavior Weathering Effects on Fire Retardant Wood Treatments Wildland Firefighting Locations Wildland Fuel Treatments

Author: Francisco Castro Rego
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030698157
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 670

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Book Description
This textbook provides students and academics with a conceptual understanding of fire behavior and fire effects on people and ecosystems to support effective integrated fire management. Through case studies, interactive spreadsheets programmed with equations and graphics, and clear explanations, the book provides undergraduate, graduate, and professional readers with a straightforward learning path. The authors draw from years of experience in successfully teaching fundamental concepts and applications, synthesizing cutting-edge science, and applying lessons learned from fire practitioners. We discuss fire as part of environmental and human health. Our process-based, comprehensive, and quantitative approach encompasses combustion and heat transfer, and fire effects on people, plants, soils, and animals in forest, grassland, and woodland ecosystems from around the Earth. Case studies and examples link fundamental concepts to local, landscape, and global fire implications, including social-ecological systems. Globally, fire science and integrated fire management have made major strides in the last few decades. Society faces numerous fire-related challenges, including the increasing occurrence of large fires that threaten people and property, smoke that poses a health hazard, and lengthening fire seasons worldwide. Fires are useful to suppress fires, conserve wildlife and habitat, enhance livestock grazing, manage fuels, and in ecological restoration. Understanding fire science is critical to forecasting the implication of global change for fires and their effects. Increasing the positive effects of fire (fuels reduction, enhanced habitat for many plants and animals, ecosystem services increased) while reducing the negative impacts of fires (loss of human lives, smoke and carbon emissions that threaten health, etc.) is part of making fires good servants rather than bad masters.

Author: Richard C. Rothermel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Flame spread
Languages : en
Pages : 52

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Author: Tomas Brezina
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642050220
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 456

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Book Description
Mechatronics is a synergic discipline integrating precise mechanics, electrotechnics, electronics and IT technologies. The main goal of mechatronical approach to design of complex products is to achieve new quality of their utility value at reasonable price. Successful accomplishment of this task would not be possible without application of advanced software and hardware tools for simulation of design, technologies and production control and also for simulation of behavior of these products in order to provide the highest possible level of spatial and functional integration of the final product. This book brings a review of the current state of the art in mechatronics, as presented at the 8th International Conference Mechatronics 2009, organized by the Brno Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Republic. The specific topics of the conference are Modelling and Simulation, Metrology & Diagnostics, Sensorics & Photonics, Control & Robotics, MEMS Design & Mechatronic Products, Production Machines and Biomechanics. The selected contributions provide an insight into the current development of these scientific disciplines, present the new results of research and development and indicate the trends of development in the interdisciplinary field of mechatronic systems. Therefore, the book provides the latest and helpful information both for the R&D specialists and for the designers working in mechatronics and related fields.