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Author: Jonathan Stewart Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agricultural pollution Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
Sediment and nutrient transport in agricultural surface runoff has been a challenge for watershed managers for decades. Excessive nutrient loading to streams and rivers has led to problems ranging from hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico to drinking water contaminations throughout the world. In addition, these agricultural pollutants have impaired the water quality in many lakes and rivers which in turn have negatively affected both human and aquatic life. In order to reduce the environmental impacts from agricultural surface runoff many farmers, landowners, and land managers have implemented riparian buffers to reduce both sediment and nutrient loading in surface runoff. This study utilized fifteen 1x10 m flumes, with three replicates of each treatment, to determine the effectiveness of various riparian buffer species for their ability to attenuate nutrients and sediment from surface runoff. Treatments included, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), giant cane ( Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.), corn (Zea maize), and non-vegetated bare soil buffers (controls). Surface runoff samples were collected from every natural rainfall event that produced overland flow and were analyzed for sediment and a suite of nutrients. Giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers were effective vegetated buffer species for reducing turbidity, total suspended solids, ammonium, and total phosphorus concentrations. The giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers performed better than the corn and control buffers at removing turbidity, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus. When comparing the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers to the control buffer the removal of sediment was substantial. For example, giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass removed from 6 to 14 times more total suspended solids than the bare ground control treatment. Furthermore, the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass also removed from 5 to 9 times more turbidity than the control treatment. The removal of nutrients was also significant for the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass treatments. For example, giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass removed from 2 to 4 times more ammonium than the control and from 4 to 5 times more total phosphorus than the control treatment. The giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass did not remove dissolved reactive phosphorus better than the control treatment and they were less effective at removing nitrate levels when compared to the control treatment. The giant cane buffer proved to be a very effective riparian buffer species because it had significantly higher soil infiltration rates than that of the control, corn, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers. Giant cane had an infiltration rate of 103.6 cm hr-1, while the infiltration rates of the control, corn, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass were 8.8 cm hr -1, 11.2 cm hr-1, 14.1 cm hr-1, and 24.9 cm hr-1, respectively. Data suggest that giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers may be promising riparian buffer species for the removal of both sediment and nutrients in agricultural surface runoff.
Author: Jonathan Stewart Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agricultural pollution Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
Sediment and nutrient transport in agricultural surface runoff has been a challenge for watershed managers for decades. Excessive nutrient loading to streams and rivers has led to problems ranging from hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico to drinking water contaminations throughout the world. In addition, these agricultural pollutants have impaired the water quality in many lakes and rivers which in turn have negatively affected both human and aquatic life. In order to reduce the environmental impacts from agricultural surface runoff many farmers, landowners, and land managers have implemented riparian buffers to reduce both sediment and nutrient loading in surface runoff. This study utilized fifteen 1x10 m flumes, with three replicates of each treatment, to determine the effectiveness of various riparian buffer species for their ability to attenuate nutrients and sediment from surface runoff. Treatments included, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), giant cane ( Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.), corn (Zea maize), and non-vegetated bare soil buffers (controls). Surface runoff samples were collected from every natural rainfall event that produced overland flow and were analyzed for sediment and a suite of nutrients. Giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers were effective vegetated buffer species for reducing turbidity, total suspended solids, ammonium, and total phosphorus concentrations. The giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers performed better than the corn and control buffers at removing turbidity, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus. When comparing the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers to the control buffer the removal of sediment was substantial. For example, giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass removed from 6 to 14 times more total suspended solids than the bare ground control treatment. Furthermore, the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass also removed from 5 to 9 times more turbidity than the control treatment. The removal of nutrients was also significant for the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass treatments. For example, giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass removed from 2 to 4 times more ammonium than the control and from 4 to 5 times more total phosphorus than the control treatment. The giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass did not remove dissolved reactive phosphorus better than the control treatment and they were less effective at removing nitrate levels when compared to the control treatment. The giant cane buffer proved to be a very effective riparian buffer species because it had significantly higher soil infiltration rates than that of the control, corn, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers. Giant cane had an infiltration rate of 103.6 cm hr-1, while the infiltration rates of the control, corn, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass were 8.8 cm hr -1, 11.2 cm hr-1, 14.1 cm hr-1, and 24.9 cm hr-1, respectively. Data suggest that giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers may be promising riparian buffer species for the removal of both sediment and nutrients in agricultural surface runoff.
Author: William J. Beck Publisher: ISBN: Category : Water quality Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
Intensive agricultural practices have the potential to introduce significant loads of sediment, nutrients, and fecal contamination into surface waters. A two phase study was conducted to assess the impacts of vegetated buffer strips on surface water quality in southern Illinois, USA.
Author: Humberto Blanco-Canqui Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402087098 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 617
Book Description
“Principles of Soil Management and Conservation” comprehensively reviews the state-of-knowledge on soil erosion and management. It discusses in detail soil conservation topics in relation to soil productivity, environment quality, and agronomic production. It addresses the implications of soil erosion with emphasis on global hotspots and synthesizes available from developed and developing countries. It also critically reviews information on no-till management, organic farming, crop residue management for industrial uses, conservation buffers (e.g., grass buffers, agroforestry systems), and the problem of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and in other regions. This book uniquely addresses the global issues including carbon sequestration, net emissions of CO2, and erosion as a sink or source of C under different scenarios of soil management. It also deliberates the implications of the projected global warming on soil erosion and vice versa. The concern about global food security in relation to soil erosion and strategies for confronting the remaining problems in soil management and conservation are specifically addressed. This volume is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students interested in understanding the principles of soil conservation and management. The book is also useful for practitioners, extension agents, soil conservationists, and policymakers as an important reference material.
Author: Ryan Carl Pankau Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 204
Book Description
Riparian buffers in agricultural landscapes are designed to trap pollutants in overland flow by slowing, filtering, and infiltrating surface runoff entering the buffer via sheet flow. However, observational evidence suggests that concentrated flow is prevalent from agricultural fields. Also, over time sediment can accumulate in riparian buffers forming berms that restrict sheet flow from moving into the buffers; these berms ultimately back up surface runoff, resulting in an eventual breakthrough which concentrates runoff. Breakthrough by concentrated flow can lead to gully formation that may reduce the filtering capacities of buffer systems by providing direct conduits to stream channels. This study explores the frequency of concentrated flow paths in riparian buffers at both the field and watershed scale. At the field scale, intensive topographic surveys were conducted at 10 field sites in southern Illinois to characterize concentrated flow paths, accumulated berm sediments, and field area drained by concentrated flow. At each site, soil samples were analyzed to characterize sediment deposition patterns within the buffer. To assess the prevalence of concentrated flow paths at the watershed scale, three watersheds in southern Illinois were selected for walking stream surveys. Results from the watershed scale analysis suggest that concentrated flow paths are significantly more abundant in agricultural land cover, than forested land. Current riparian buffer design principles are based on the assumption that sheet flow is the primary form of surface runoff entering buffers. Furthermore, buffers are installed and not maintained which can lead to berm accumulation and buffer failure. Results from this study indicate that concentrated flow was the prevalent form of runoff at field scale sites. Managers need to consider the occurrence of concentrated flow paths when designing riparian buffers to protect stream water quality.
Author: Janis Mc Farland Ph.D. Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080559638 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 604
Book Description
Over the past 50 years, triazines have made a great impact on agriculture and world hunger by assisting in the development of new farming methods, providing greater farming and land use capabilities, and increasing crop yields. Triazines are registered in over 80 countries and save billions of dollars a year. The Triazine Herbicides is the one book that presents a comprehensive view of the total science and agriculture of these chemicals. With emphasis on how the chemicals are studied and developed, reviewed, and used at the agricultural level this book provides valuable insight into the benefits of triazine herbicides for sustainable agriculture. - Presents previously unpublished information on the discovery, development and marketing of herbicides - Includes a vital section on the origin, use, economics and fate of triazine herbicides - Covers benefits of triazines in corn and sorghum, sugarcane, citrus, fruit and nut crops - Establishes best management practice and environmental benefits of use in conservation tillage
Author: John T. Van Stan, II Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030297020 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
This book presents research on precipitation partitioning processes in vegetated ecosystems, putting them into a global context. It describes the processes by which meteoric water comes into contact with the vegetation's canopy, typically the first surface contact of precipitation on land. It also discusses how precipitation partitioning by vegetation impacts the amount, patterning, and chemistry of water reaching the surface, as well as the amount and timing of evaporative return to the atmosphere. Although this process has been extensively studied, this is the first review of the global literature on the partitioning of precipitation by forests, shrubs, crops, grasslands and other less-studies plant types. The authors offer global contextualization combined with a detailed discussion of the impacts for the climate and terrestrial ecohydrological systems. As such, this comprehensive overview is a valuable reference tool for a wide range of specialists and students in the fields of geoscience and the environment.
Author: Jonathan Stewart
Author: Jonathan Stewart
Author: William J. Beck
Author: Humberto Blanco-Canqui
Author: Ryan Carl Pankau
Author: Janis Mc Farland Ph.D.
Author: Valdo Kuusemets
Author: 
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Author: John T. Van Stan, II
Author: Akhilesh Kumar Misra