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Author: Juliane Kasch Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Background: Obesity is thought to be the consequence of an unhealthy nutrition and a lack of physical activity. Although the resulting metabolic alterations such as impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity can usually be improved by physical activity, some obese patients fail to enhance skeletal muscle metabolic health with exercise training. Since this might be largely heritable, maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is hypothesized to impair offspring skeletal muscle physiology. Objectives: This PhD thesis aims to investigate the consequences of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) consumption on offspring skeletal muscle physiology and exercise performance. We could show that maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation decreases the offspring's training efficiency and endurance performance by influencing the epigenetic profile of their skeletal muscle and altering the adaptation to an acute exercise bout, which in long-term, increases offspring obesity susceptibility. Experimental setup: To investigate ...
Author: Juliane Kasch Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Background: Obesity is thought to be the consequence of an unhealthy nutrition and a lack of physical activity. Although the resulting metabolic alterations such as impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity can usually be improved by physical activity, some obese patients fail to enhance skeletal muscle metabolic health with exercise training. Since this might be largely heritable, maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is hypothesized to impair offspring skeletal muscle physiology. Objectives: This PhD thesis aims to investigate the consequences of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) consumption on offspring skeletal muscle physiology and exercise performance. We could show that maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation decreases the offspring's training efficiency and endurance performance by influencing the epigenetic profile of their skeletal muscle and altering the adaptation to an acute exercise bout, which in long-term, increases offspring obesity susceptibility. Experimental setup: To investigate ...
Author: Juliane Kasch Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Background: Obesity is thought to be the consequence of an unhealthy nutrition and a lack of physical activity. Although the resulting metabolic alterations such as impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity can usually be improved by physical activity, some obese patients fail to enhance skeletal muscle metabolic health with exercise training. Since this might be largely heritable, maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is hypothesized to impair offspring skeletal muscle physiology. Objectives: This PhD thesis aims to investigate the consequences of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) consumption on offspring skeletal muscle physiology and exercise performance. We could show that maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation decreases the offspring's training efficiency and endurance performance by influencing the epigenetic profile of their skeletal muscle and altering the adaptation to an acute exercise bout, which in long-term, increases offspring obesity susceptibility. Experimental setup: To investigate ...
Author: Liang Zhao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Metabolic syndrome Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Obesity has become a major health concern due to its close associations with the development of multiple metabolic syndromes. Disruption of the skeletal muscle under the challenge of obesity has severe adverse outcomes on the systematic metabolism. Obesity during the pregnancy impairs the developmental progress in the offspring which predisposes the risks of metabolic disorders later in life. A better understanding of the impairments caused by obesity to the skeletal muscle and the underlying mechanism are urgently needed to help with the prevention of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions. In this dissertation, the impairments of obesity to the skeletal muscle were examined both at the embryonic and adult stages. (1) Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we found that maternal obesity enhanced a hypoxic state in the mouse embryos at embryonic 9.5 day, accompanied by increased glycolysis, decreased oxidative phosphorylation and elevated oxidative stress. The bone morphogen protein signaling transduction within the dermomyotome was enhanced by maternal obesity, which attenuated the myogenic differentiation by suppressing the expression of an important myogenic regulator, Mef2c. The myogenic inhibitory function of the hypoxia regulator, HIF1A, was achieved through up-regulation of the down-stream effector of Notch signaling, Hes1. Maternal obesity-attenuated myogenic differentiation at the embryonic stage may account for the impairments in muscle growth and function at later lives. (2) Retinoic acid signaling in fibro/adipogenic progenitors was found to facilitate the myofiber regeneration after injury as well as to suppress their ectopic differentiation into adipocytes. Decreased retinoic acid signaling in the skeletal muscle caused by obesity disrupted the physiological functions of fibro/adipogenic progenitors, which resulted in failed muscle repair with enhanced lipid and fibrosis accumulation. (3) AMPK[alpha]1 was identified as an important mediator for the beneficial effects of raspberry supplementation on alleviating inflammatory responses and promoting insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle of obese mice. Taken together, our studies provide us with a better understanding of obesity-induced impairments to the skeletal muscle at both the embryonic and adult stages. Signaling mechanisms identified in these studies provide theoretic supports to the therapeutic treatments of obesity and associated metabolic syndromes.
Author: Marisol Imani Dothard Publisher: ISBN: Category : Developmental biology Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Obesity is a health issue that is affecting an ever-increasing number of people around the world. Increasing obesity rates are particularly troubling because much evidence has been reported that maternal diet before and during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of obesity in the next generation, through epigenetic and obesity-related developmental changes. Extremely low fat maternal diets have also been shown to have transgenerational effects on health, including evidence for a "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis that supposes the intrauterine conditions prepare the offspring for the outside world based on the nutritional environment available during fetal development; therefore, offspring exposed to low fat intrauterine environments but much higher fat diets outside of this environment are more at risk for obesity and other metabolic dysfunction. In order to test the transgenerational relationship between maternal diet and offspring health, Danio rerio females were fed either a high fat diet (HFD), control diet, or low fat diet (LFD) for several months and crossed with males on the control diet. This study reports that significant differences in offspring early motor behaviour were observed were observed in offspring sired from HFD and LFD mothers, both from the control and from each other. These results indicate possible effects on skeletal muscle and neural development. Significant differences in appetite were also observed between control and HFD, and between HFD and LFD. These results may indicate changes in the secretion of satiety-related hormones in these offspring. HFD and LFD females also showed evidence of decreased fertility and increased offspring mortality rates. These data indicate that maternal diet before and during pregnancy may have far reaching effects on the development and general health of the offspring.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309089964 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 277
Book Description
The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the U.S. Armed Forces has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service, based on the assumption that proper body weight and composition supports good health, physical fitness, and appropriate military appearance. The current epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States affects the military services. The pool of available recruits is reduced because of failure to meet body composition standards for entry into the services and a high percentage of individuals exceeding military weight-for-height standards at the time of entry into the service leave the military before completing their term of enlistment. To aid in developing strategies for prevention and remediation of overweight in military personnel, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command requested the Committee on Military Nutrition Research to review the scientific evidence for: factors that influence body weight, optimal components of a weight loss and weight maintenance program, and the role of gender, age, and ethnicity in weight management.
Author: Francisco A. Gómez Vela Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3039437712 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
In recent decades, new technologies have made remarkable progress in helping to understand biological systems. Rapid advances in genomic profiling techniques such as microarrays or high-performance sequencing have brought new opportunities and challenges in the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics. Such genetic sequencing techniques allow large amounts of data to be produced, whose analysis and cross-integration could provide a complete view of organisms. As a result, it is necessary to develop new techniques and algorithms that carry out an analysis of these data with reliability and efficiency. This Special Issue collected the latest advances in the field of computational methods for the analysis of gene expression data, and, in particular, the modeling of biological processes. Here we present eleven works selected to be published in this Special Issue due to their interest, quality, and originality.
Author: Nilanjana Maulik Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1040067786 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 364
Book Description
As nutrition research is shifting its focus from epidemiology and physiology to effects of nutrients at the molecular level, a uniquely tailored diet that corresponds to the demands of our genetic signature is emerging as an indispensable need. Using high-throughput genomic tools, nutrigenomics unravels the influence of micro- and macronutrients as
Author: Juliane Kasch
Author: Juliane Kasch
Author: Juliane Kasch
Author: Liang Zhao
Author: Marisol Imani Dothard
Author: Sophie Corinne Trombetta
Author: Jennifer Lynn Miles
Author: Gustavo Pacheco-Lopez
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Francisco A. Gómez Vela
Author: Nilanjana Maulik