Immigration and Its Effects on Education, Income, and Families PDF Download

Author: Ji Hyun Park
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781369202878
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
What are the effects of immigration on education, income and inequality, and marriage market? Migrants consists a large share of the population in the U.S. and they are a small but expanding group in South Korea. Studies have investigated the effect of immigration on various fields such as the labor market, but there are many aspects of life that the effects have not been explored. My dissertation research explores the effect of immigration on choosing a major in college education, matching between workers and managers, and choosing a spouse. First chapter analyzes the effect of country of origin on the college major choice of second generation immigrants. I use the American Community Survey (ACS) 2009-2013 as primary dataset and focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) major. I use the immigrants who are born in a foreign country and migrated to the U.S. between age 0 and 16 as proxy for second generation immigrants. Using random effects model and controlling for age of arrival, I estimate the effect of each country of origin on choosing a STEM major and decompose the country-specific. Results show that immigrant children from many countries are significantly more likely to choose a STEM major compared to natives. Decomposition shows that selection into migration is more important than the origin country characteristics, and immigrant children are more likely to choose a STEM major when there was a stronger positive selection for the parent cohort immigrants. Second chapter with Jaerim Choi studies the effect of inflow of immigrants on wages and inequality of natives. Adopting the worker-manager matching model from the trade literature, I set up a model where inflow of immigrants changes the matching between workers and managers. As a consequence, native workers and native managers with heterogeneous skill levels are affected differently through changes in the match ratio and the match quality. This impacts wages and inequality of natives. Using the U.S. Census and American Community Survey, I empirically test the model with inflow of immigrants in the U.S. 1980-2010. Using a shift-share instrumental variable for the stock of immigrants, I find that inflow of low-skilled immigrants affects native workers through the change in match quality. Consistent with the theory, inequality within native workers increases. Third chapter investigates the effect of marriage subsidy on the marriage in South Korea. The marriage subsidy, which was targeted for international marriage between Korean men and foreign women, raises the incentive for international marriage. Using the administrative marriage record for periods 2004-2013 and exploiting the variation in the subsidy across regions and years, I find that the marriage subsidy has significant positive effect on the probability of a single man marrying a foreign woman. The crowd out effect from marrying a native woman is shown in some cases.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309444454
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 643

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The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration finds that the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small, and that any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. First-generation immigrants are more costly to governments than are the native-born, but the second generation are among the strongest fiscal and economic contributors in the U.S. This report concludes that immigration has an overall positive impact on long-run economic growth in the U.S. More than 40 million people living in the United States were born in other countries, and almost an equal number have at least one foreign-born parent. Together, the first generation (foreign-born) and second generation (children of the foreign-born) comprise almost one in four Americans. It comes as little surprise, then, that many U.S. residents view immigration as a major policy issue facing the nation. Not only does immigration affect the environment in which everyone lives, learns, and works, but it also interacts with nearly every policy area of concern, from jobs and the economy, education, and health care, to federal, state, and local government budgets. The changing patterns of immigration and the evolving consequences for American society, institutions, and the economy continue to fuel public policy debate that plays out at the national, state, and local levels. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal outcomes for the United States, a major destination of world population movements. This report will be a fundamental resource for policy makers and law makers at the federal, state, and local levels but extends to the general public, nongovernmental organizations, the business community, educational institutions, and the research community.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309483980
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 619

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The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309174716
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448

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Book Description
This book sheds light on one of the most controversial issues of the decade. It identifies the economic gains and losses from immigrationâ€"for the nation, states, and local areasâ€"and provides a foundation for public discussion and policymaking. Three key questions are explored: What is the influence of immigration on the overall economy, especially national and regional labor markets? What are the overall effects of immigration on federal, state, and local government budgets? What effects will immigration have on the future size and makeup of the nation's population over the next 50 years? The New Americans examines what immigrants gain by coming to the United States and what they contribute to the country, the skills of immigrants and those of native-born Americans, the experiences of immigrant women and other groups, and much more. It offers examples of how to measure the impact of immigration on government revenues and expendituresâ€"estimating one year's fiscal impact in California, New Jersey, and the United States and projecting the long-run fiscal effects on government revenues and expenditures. Also included is background information on immigration policies and practices and data on where immigrants come from, what they do in America, and how they will change the nation's social fabric in the decades to come.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309065453
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 673

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Book Description
Immigrant children and youth are the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population, and so their prospects bear heavily on the well-being of the country. Children of Immigrants represents some of the very best and most extensive research efforts to date on the circumstances, health, and development of children in immigrant families and the delivery of health and social services to these children and their families. This book presents new, detailed analyses of more than a dozen existing datasets that constitute a large share of the national system for monitoring the health and well-being of the U.S. population. Prior to these new analyses, few of these datasets had been used to assess the circumstances of children in immigrant families. The analyses enormously expand the available knowledge about the physical and mental health status and risk behaviors, educational experiences and outcomes, and socioeconomic and demographic circumstances of first- and second-generation immigrant children, compared with children with U.S.-born parents.

Author: Michael J. White
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN: 1610447034
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 237

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Book Description
Can the recent influx of immigrants successfully enter the mainstream of American life, or will many of them fail to thrive and become part of a permanent underclass? Achieving Anew examines immigrant life in school, at work, and in communities and demonstrates that recent immigrants and their children do make substantial progress over time, both within and between generations. From policymakers to private citizens, our national conversation on immigration has consistently questioned the country's ability to absorb increasing numbers of foreign nationals—now nearly one million legal entrants per year. Using census data, longitudinal education surveys, and other data, Michael White and Jennifer Glick place their study of new immigrant achievement within a context of recent developments in assimilation theory and policies regulating who gets in and what happens to them upon arrival. They find that immigrant status itself is not an important predictor of educational achievement. First-generation immigrants arrive in the United States with less education than native-born Americans, but by the second and third generation, the children of immigrants are just as successful in school as native-born students with equivalent social and economic background. As with prior studies, the effects of socioeconomic background and family structure show through strongly. On education attainment, race and ethnicity have a strong impact on achievement initially, but less over time. Looking at the labor force, White and Glick find no evidence to confirm the often-voiced worry that recent immigrants and their children are falling behind earlier arrivals. On the contrary, immigrants of more recent vintage tend to catch up to the occupational status of natives more quickly than in the past. Family background, educational preparation, and race/ethnicity all play a role in labor market success, just as they do for the native born, but the offspring of immigrants suffer no disadvantage due to their immigrant origins. New immigrants continue to live in segregated neighborhoods, though with less prevalence than native black-white segregation. Immigrants who arrived in the 1960s are now much less segregated than recent arrivals. Indeed, the authors find that residential segregation declines both within and across generations. Yet black and Mexican immigrants are more segregated from whites than other groups, showing that race and economic status still remain powerful influences on where immigrants live. Although the picture is mixed and the continuing significance of racial factors remains a concern, Achieving Anew provides compelling reassurance that the recent wave of immigrants is making impressive progress in joining the American mainstream. The process of assimilation is not broken, the advent of a new underclass is not imminent, and the efforts to argue for the restriction of immigration based on these fears are largely mistaken.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309482178
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 77

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Book Description
Since 1965 the foreign-born population of the United States has swelled from 9.6 million or 5 percent of the population to 45 million or 14 percent in 2015. Today, about one-quarter of the U.S. population consists of immigrants or the children of immigrants. Given the sizable representation of immigrants in the U.S. population, their health is a major influence on the health of the population as a whole. On average, immigrants are healthier than native-born Americans. Yet, immigrants also are subject to the systematic marginalization and discrimination that often lead to the creation of health disparities. To explore the link between immigration and health disparities, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop in Oakland, California, on November 28, 2017. This summary of that workshop highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop.

Author: Allison De La Torre
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Children of immigrants
Languages : en
Pages : 106

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Book Description
The population growth in the United States of the immigrant population has been long been a common occurrence. Within this issue are the lives of children in immigrant families who are affected. There are significant consequences for their children's outcomes. This study attempts to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges faced by children of immigrants, and the factors that affect their development and outcome in their adulthood. The researchers present a selective review of the literature on children of immigrants in the U.S., focusing on key research themes including the main factors that affect the outcome of the children in their adulthood. This quantitative research aimed to analyze data on children of immigrants' families and the variables correlated with their father's background in earnings, employment, and education. The researchers used the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS), from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), which ran the longitudinal study from 1991-2006. Using this secondary data, the researchers ran regression analysis in SPSS to analyze the variables. After analyzing the data using our hypothesis of immigrant father's contributions to their child's outcomes, the researchers found that our hypothesis was partly substantiated with significance. We found significance between father's work status, education and family's economic status and a child's likelihood to have higher education in the future. The researchers believe future studies could specify more accurately about the father's type of employment rather than generalizing employed or unemployed. In addition, family's economic status could be defined using numerical values rather than categorical labels. Ultimately, the research found that an immigrant father's background does have a positive correlation with their child's future outcomes. Suggestions for future research in this are increasingly important area of research is presented as well as recommendations to have more resources and outreach to allow easier access for this population.

Author: Alan Booth
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136492542
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 318

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Book Description
This book documents the third in a series of annual symposia on family issues--the National Symposium on International Migration and Family Change: The Experience of U.S. Immigrants--held at Pennsylvania State University. Although most existing literature on migration focuses solely on the origin, numbers, and economic success of migrants, this book examines how migration affects family relations and child development. By exploring the experiences of immigrant families, particularly as they relate to assimilation and adaptation processes, the text provides information that is central to a better understanding of the migrant experience and its affect on family outcomes. Policymakers and academics alike will take interest in the questions this book addresses: * Does the fact that migrant offspring get involved in U.S. culture more quickly than their parents jeopardize the parents' effectiveness in preventing the development of antisocial behavior? * How does the change in culture and language affect the cognitive development of children and youth? * Does exposure to patterns of family organizations, so prevalent in the United States (cohabitation, divorce, nonmarital childbearing), decrease the stability of immigrant families? * Does the poverty facing many immigrant families lead to harsher and less supportive child-rearing practices? * What familial and extra-familial conditions promote "resilience" in immigrant parents and their children? * Does discrimination, coupled with the need for rapid adaption, create stress that erodes marital quality and the parent-child bond in immigrant families? * What policies enhance or impede immigrant family links to U.S. institutions?

Author: George J. Borjas
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226066703
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 294

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Book Description
Since the 1970s, the striking increase in immigration to the United States has been accompanied by a marked change in the composition of the immigrant community, with a much higher percentage of foreign-born workers coming from Latin America and Asia and a dramatically lower percentage from Europe. This timely study is unique in presenting new data sets on the labor force, wage rates, and demographic conditions of both the U.S. and source-area economies through the 1980s. The contributors analyze the economic effects of immigration on the United States and selected source areas, with a focus on Puerto Rico and El Salvador. They examine the education and job performance of foreign-born workers; assimilation, fertility, and wage rates; and the impact of remittances by immigrants to family members on the overall gross domestic product of source areas. A revealing and original examination of a topic of growing importance, this book will stand as a guide for further research on immigration and on the economies of developing countries.