Author: Robin Lane Fox
Publisher: Penguin UK
ISBN: 0141889861
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 611
Book Description
This remarkable and daringly original book proposes a new way of thinking about the Greeks and their myths in the age of the great Homeric hymns. It combines a lifetime's familiarity with Greek literature and history with the latest archeological discoveries and the author's own journeys to the main sites in the story to describe how particular Greeks of the eighth century BC travelled east and west around the Mediterranean, and how their extraordinary journeys shaped their ideas of their gods and heroes. It gathers together stories and echoes from many different ancient cultures, not just the Greek - Assyria, Egypt, the Phoenician traders - and ranges from Mesopotamia to the Rio Tinto at Huelva in modern Portugal. Its central point is the Jebel Aqra, the great mountain on the north Syrian coast which Robin Lane Fox dubs 'the southern Olympus', and around which much of the action of the book turns. Robin Lane Fox rejects the fashionable view of Homer and his near-contemporary Hesiod as poets who owed a direct debt to texts and poems from the near East, and by following the trail of the Greek travellers shows that they were, rather, in debt to their own countrymen. With characteristic flair he reveals how these travellers, progenitors of tales which have inspired writers and historians for thousands of years, understood the world before the beginnings of philosophy and western thought.
Travelling Heroes
Author: Robin Lane Fox
Publisher: Penguin UK
ISBN: 0141889861
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 611
Book Description
This remarkable and daringly original book proposes a new way of thinking about the Greeks and their myths in the age of the great Homeric hymns. It combines a lifetime's familiarity with Greek literature and history with the latest archeological discoveries and the author's own journeys to the main sites in the story to describe how particular Greeks of the eighth century BC travelled east and west around the Mediterranean, and how their extraordinary journeys shaped their ideas of their gods and heroes. It gathers together stories and echoes from many different ancient cultures, not just the Greek - Assyria, Egypt, the Phoenician traders - and ranges from Mesopotamia to the Rio Tinto at Huelva in modern Portugal. Its central point is the Jebel Aqra, the great mountain on the north Syrian coast which Robin Lane Fox dubs 'the southern Olympus', and around which much of the action of the book turns. Robin Lane Fox rejects the fashionable view of Homer and his near-contemporary Hesiod as poets who owed a direct debt to texts and poems from the near East, and by following the trail of the Greek travellers shows that they were, rather, in debt to their own countrymen. With characteristic flair he reveals how these travellers, progenitors of tales which have inspired writers and historians for thousands of years, understood the world before the beginnings of philosophy and western thought.
Publisher: Penguin UK
ISBN: 0141889861
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 611
Book Description
This remarkable and daringly original book proposes a new way of thinking about the Greeks and their myths in the age of the great Homeric hymns. It combines a lifetime's familiarity with Greek literature and history with the latest archeological discoveries and the author's own journeys to the main sites in the story to describe how particular Greeks of the eighth century BC travelled east and west around the Mediterranean, and how their extraordinary journeys shaped their ideas of their gods and heroes. It gathers together stories and echoes from many different ancient cultures, not just the Greek - Assyria, Egypt, the Phoenician traders - and ranges from Mesopotamia to the Rio Tinto at Huelva in modern Portugal. Its central point is the Jebel Aqra, the great mountain on the north Syrian coast which Robin Lane Fox dubs 'the southern Olympus', and around which much of the action of the book turns. Robin Lane Fox rejects the fashionable view of Homer and his near-contemporary Hesiod as poets who owed a direct debt to texts and poems from the near East, and by following the trail of the Greek travellers shows that they were, rather, in debt to their own countrymen. With characteristic flair he reveals how these travellers, progenitors of tales which have inspired writers and historians for thousands of years, understood the world before the beginnings of philosophy and western thought.
A New Companion to Homer
Author: Ian Morris
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9789004099890
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 784
Book Description
This volume is the first English-language survey of Homeric studies to appear for more than a generation, and the first such work to attempt to cover all fields comprehensively. Thirty leading scholars from Europe and America provide short, authoritative overviews of the state of knowledge and current controversies in the many specialist divisions in Homeric studies. The chapters pay equal attention to literary, mythological, linguistic, historical, and archaeological topics, ranging from such long-established problems as the "Homeric Question" to newer issues like the relevance of narratology and computer-assisted quantification. The collection, the third publication in Brill's handbook series, "The Classical Tradition," will be valuable at every level of study - from the general student of literature to the Homeric specialist seeking a general understanding of the latest developments across the whole range of Homeric scholarship.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9789004099890
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 784
Book Description
This volume is the first English-language survey of Homeric studies to appear for more than a generation, and the first such work to attempt to cover all fields comprehensively. Thirty leading scholars from Europe and America provide short, authoritative overviews of the state of knowledge and current controversies in the many specialist divisions in Homeric studies. The chapters pay equal attention to literary, mythological, linguistic, historical, and archaeological topics, ranging from such long-established problems as the "Homeric Question" to newer issues like the relevance of narratology and computer-assisted quantification. The collection, the third publication in Brill's handbook series, "The Classical Tradition," will be valuable at every level of study - from the general student of literature to the Homeric specialist seeking a general understanding of the latest developments across the whole range of Homeric scholarship.
The Cambridge Guide to Homer
Author: Corinne Ondine Pache
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108663621
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 985
Book Description
From its ancient incarnation as a song to recent translations in modern languages, Homeric epic remains an abiding source of inspiration for both scholars and artists that transcends temporal and linguistic boundaries. The Cambridge Guide to Homer examines the influence and meaning of Homeric poetry from its earliest form as ancient Greek song to its current status in world literature, presenting the information in a synthetic manner that allows the reader to gain an understanding of the different strands of Homeric studies. The volume is structured around three main themes: Homeric Song and Text; the Homeric World, and Homer in the World. Each section starts with a series of 'macropedia' essays arranged thematically that are accompanied by shorter complementary 'micropedia' articles. The Cambridge Guide to Homer thus traces the many routes taken by Homeric epic in the ancient world and its continuing relevance in different periods and cultures.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108663621
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 985
Book Description
From its ancient incarnation as a song to recent translations in modern languages, Homeric epic remains an abiding source of inspiration for both scholars and artists that transcends temporal and linguistic boundaries. The Cambridge Guide to Homer examines the influence and meaning of Homeric poetry from its earliest form as ancient Greek song to its current status in world literature, presenting the information in a synthetic manner that allows the reader to gain an understanding of the different strands of Homeric studies. The volume is structured around three main themes: Homeric Song and Text; the Homeric World, and Homer in the World. Each section starts with a series of 'macropedia' essays arranged thematically that are accompanied by shorter complementary 'micropedia' articles. The Cambridge Guide to Homer thus traces the many routes taken by Homeric epic in the ancient world and its continuing relevance in different periods and cultures.
Why Homer Matters
Author: Adam Nicolson
Publisher: Henry Holt and Company
ISBN: 1627791809
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 318
Book Description
"Adam Nicolson writes popular books as popular books used to be, a breeze rather than a scholarly sweat, but humanely erudite, elegantly written, passionately felt...and his excitement is contagious."—James Wood, The New Yorker Adam Nicolson sees the Iliad and the Odyssey as the foundation myths of Greek—and our—consciousness, collapsing the passage of 4,000 years and making the distant past of the Mediterranean world as immediate to us as the events of our own time. Why Homer Matters is a magical journey of discovery across wide stretches of the past, sewn together by the poems themselves and their metaphors of life and trouble. Homer's poems occupy, as Adam Nicolson writes "a third space" in the way we relate to the past: not as memory, which lasts no more than three generations, nor as the objective accounts of history, but as epic, invented after memory but before history, poetry which aims "to bind the wounds that time inflicts." The Homeric poems are among the oldest stories we have, drawing on deep roots in the Eurasian steppes beyond the Black Sea, but emerging at a time around 2000 B.C. when the people who would become the Greeks came south and both clashed and fused with the more sophisticated inhabitants of the Eastern Mediterranean. The poems, which ask the eternal questions about the individual and the community, honor and service, love and war, tell us how we became who we are.
Publisher: Henry Holt and Company
ISBN: 1627791809
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 318
Book Description
"Adam Nicolson writes popular books as popular books used to be, a breeze rather than a scholarly sweat, but humanely erudite, elegantly written, passionately felt...and his excitement is contagious."—James Wood, The New Yorker Adam Nicolson sees the Iliad and the Odyssey as the foundation myths of Greek—and our—consciousness, collapsing the passage of 4,000 years and making the distant past of the Mediterranean world as immediate to us as the events of our own time. Why Homer Matters is a magical journey of discovery across wide stretches of the past, sewn together by the poems themselves and their metaphors of life and trouble. Homer's poems occupy, as Adam Nicolson writes "a third space" in the way we relate to the past: not as memory, which lasts no more than three generations, nor as the objective accounts of history, but as epic, invented after memory but before history, poetry which aims "to bind the wounds that time inflicts." The Homeric poems are among the oldest stories we have, drawing on deep roots in the Eurasian steppes beyond the Black Sea, but emerging at a time around 2000 B.C. when the people who would become the Greeks came south and both clashed and fused with the more sophisticated inhabitants of the Eastern Mediterranean. The poems, which ask the eternal questions about the individual and the community, honor and service, love and war, tell us how we became who we are.
Beware of Greeks
Author: Peter Tonkin
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
'Another triumph from a master storyteller.' Alistair Forrest, author of Nest of Vipers Greece. Circa 1190 BCE. The Greek world is in turmoil as Agamemnon prepares for war against Troy. His friends and allies scour the cities and islands, demanding that lesser kings supply armies to join him in his approaching conflict but all too many fear a lengthy campaign will destroy their countries and cost them their thrones. Meanwhile a merchant's son, beaten and crippled during a robbery on the dockside in Troy is trying to make a living as an apprentice rhapsode in the port city of Aulis, singing songs of the great heroes of an earlier generation. Passing through Aulis on his way to Phthia in search of Prince Achilles, who he plans to recruit along with his army of Myrmidons, King Odysseus of Ithaca conscripts the young rhapsode onto his crew. Odysseus and his young associate travel from the city of Phthia to the island of Skyros searching for Achilles. But as they do so they find themselves confronted by a ruthless killer who will stop at nothing to prevent them completing their mission. So, as the campaign against Troy turns on their success or failure, Odysseus and his young rhapsode must solve a series of murders and attempted and stay alive themselves - long enough to find and recruit Achilles to Agamemnon's cause. The first book in a new series, from the author of the bestselling series Caesar's Spies. Recommended for fans of Steven Saylor, Lindsey Davis and CJ Samson. Peter Tonkin was born in Ulster, Northern Ireland and was raised in the UK, Holland, Germany, and the Persian Gulf. The son of an RAF officer, Tonkin spent much of his youth travelling the world from one posting to another. He is the author of the Richard Mariner Thriller Collection, Caesar's Spies and the Tom Musgrave Mysteries. 'Homer meets Holmes in this delightful twist on the Iliad. Through the eyes of a young rhapsode, playing Watson to Odysseus's Sherlock, the murder mystery unfurls amid the build-up to the legendary Trojan war. Tonkin has managed to weave a story that remains true to the spirit of the original myths but keeps the reader guessing. With the stage set for further fun as the ancient detective double-act continues on towards Troy, a series of entertaining stories has only just begun.' Peter Sandham, author of the Porphy Novels Praise for Peter Tonkin: 'Riveting tale full of fast action.' Publishers Weekly 'Good technical detail, plus an exciting climax, makes this entertaining reading.' Publishing News 'A welcome aura of old-fashioned expertise.' Publishers Weekly 'A good thriller, recommended.' Library Journal 'Tonkin is a superb storyteller who creates big, brash, swashbuckling adventures with taut suspense, fast-paced action and tough, resourceful characters.' Booklist 'Equals the best of James Clavell.' Daily Telegraph 'A master of sea-going adventure. Enough taut suspense to satisfy any reader.' Clive Cussler 'Good technical detail, plus an exciting climax, makes this entertaining reading.' Publishing News 'Edge-of-the-seat terror on the high seas.' Daily Post
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
'Another triumph from a master storyteller.' Alistair Forrest, author of Nest of Vipers Greece. Circa 1190 BCE. The Greek world is in turmoil as Agamemnon prepares for war against Troy. His friends and allies scour the cities and islands, demanding that lesser kings supply armies to join him in his approaching conflict but all too many fear a lengthy campaign will destroy their countries and cost them their thrones. Meanwhile a merchant's son, beaten and crippled during a robbery on the dockside in Troy is trying to make a living as an apprentice rhapsode in the port city of Aulis, singing songs of the great heroes of an earlier generation. Passing through Aulis on his way to Phthia in search of Prince Achilles, who he plans to recruit along with his army of Myrmidons, King Odysseus of Ithaca conscripts the young rhapsode onto his crew. Odysseus and his young associate travel from the city of Phthia to the island of Skyros searching for Achilles. But as they do so they find themselves confronted by a ruthless killer who will stop at nothing to prevent them completing their mission. So, as the campaign against Troy turns on their success or failure, Odysseus and his young rhapsode must solve a series of murders and attempted and stay alive themselves - long enough to find and recruit Achilles to Agamemnon's cause. The first book in a new series, from the author of the bestselling series Caesar's Spies. Recommended for fans of Steven Saylor, Lindsey Davis and CJ Samson. Peter Tonkin was born in Ulster, Northern Ireland and was raised in the UK, Holland, Germany, and the Persian Gulf. The son of an RAF officer, Tonkin spent much of his youth travelling the world from one posting to another. He is the author of the Richard Mariner Thriller Collection, Caesar's Spies and the Tom Musgrave Mysteries. 'Homer meets Holmes in this delightful twist on the Iliad. Through the eyes of a young rhapsode, playing Watson to Odysseus's Sherlock, the murder mystery unfurls amid the build-up to the legendary Trojan war. Tonkin has managed to weave a story that remains true to the spirit of the original myths but keeps the reader guessing. With the stage set for further fun as the ancient detective double-act continues on towards Troy, a series of entertaining stories has only just begun.' Peter Sandham, author of the Porphy Novels Praise for Peter Tonkin: 'Riveting tale full of fast action.' Publishers Weekly 'Good technical detail, plus an exciting climax, makes this entertaining reading.' Publishing News 'A welcome aura of old-fashioned expertise.' Publishers Weekly 'A good thriller, recommended.' Library Journal 'Tonkin is a superb storyteller who creates big, brash, swashbuckling adventures with taut suspense, fast-paced action and tough, resourceful characters.' Booklist 'Equals the best of James Clavell.' Daily Telegraph 'A master of sea-going adventure. Enough taut suspense to satisfy any reader.' Clive Cussler 'Good technical detail, plus an exciting climax, makes this entertaining reading.' Publishing News 'Edge-of-the-seat terror on the high seas.' Daily Post
Hearing Homer's Song
Author: Robert Kanigel
Publisher: Knopf
ISBN: 0525520945
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 337
Book Description
From the acclaimed biographer of Jane Jacobs and Srinivasa Ramanujan comes the first full life and work of arguably the most influential classical scholar of the twentieth century, who overturned long-entrenched notions of ancient epic poetry and enlarged the very idea of literature. In this literary detective story, Robert Kanigel gives us a long overdue portrait of an Oakland druggist's son who became known as the "Darwin of Homeric studies." So thoroughly did Milman Parry change our thinking about the origins of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey that scholars today refer to a "before" Parry and an "after." Kanigel describes the "before," when centuries of readers, all the way up until Parry's trailblazing work in the 1930's, assumed that the Homeric epics were "written" texts, the way we think of most literature; and the "after" that we now live in, where we take it for granted that they are the result of a long and winding oral tradition. Parry made it his life's work to develop and prove this revolutionary theory, and Kanigel brilliantly tells his remarkable story--cut short by Parry's mysterious death by gunshot wound at the age of thirty-three. From UC Berkeley to the Sorbonne to Harvard to Yugoslavia--where he traveled to prove his idea definitively by studying its traditional singers of heroic poetry--we follow Parry on his idiosyncratic journey, observing just how his early notions blossomed into a full-fledged theory. Kanigel gives us an intimate portrait of Parry's marriage to Marian Thanhouser and their struggles as young parents in Paris, and explores the mystery surrounding Parry's tragic death at the Palms Hotel in Los Angeles. Tracing Parry's legacy to the modern day, Kanigel explores how what began as a way to understand the Homeric epics became the new field of "oral theory," which today illuminates everything from Beowulf to jazz improvisation, from the Old Testament to hip-hop.
Publisher: Knopf
ISBN: 0525520945
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 337
Book Description
From the acclaimed biographer of Jane Jacobs and Srinivasa Ramanujan comes the first full life and work of arguably the most influential classical scholar of the twentieth century, who overturned long-entrenched notions of ancient epic poetry and enlarged the very idea of literature. In this literary detective story, Robert Kanigel gives us a long overdue portrait of an Oakland druggist's son who became known as the "Darwin of Homeric studies." So thoroughly did Milman Parry change our thinking about the origins of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey that scholars today refer to a "before" Parry and an "after." Kanigel describes the "before," when centuries of readers, all the way up until Parry's trailblazing work in the 1930's, assumed that the Homeric epics were "written" texts, the way we think of most literature; and the "after" that we now live in, where we take it for granted that they are the result of a long and winding oral tradition. Parry made it his life's work to develop and prove this revolutionary theory, and Kanigel brilliantly tells his remarkable story--cut short by Parry's mysterious death by gunshot wound at the age of thirty-three. From UC Berkeley to the Sorbonne to Harvard to Yugoslavia--where he traveled to prove his idea definitively by studying its traditional singers of heroic poetry--we follow Parry on his idiosyncratic journey, observing just how his early notions blossomed into a full-fledged theory. Kanigel gives us an intimate portrait of Parry's marriage to Marian Thanhouser and their struggles as young parents in Paris, and explores the mystery surrounding Parry's tragic death at the Palms Hotel in Los Angeles. Tracing Parry's legacy to the modern day, Kanigel explores how what began as a way to understand the Homeric epics became the new field of "oral theory," which today illuminates everything from Beowulf to jazz improvisation, from the Old Testament to hip-hop.
Homer, His Art and His World
Author: Joachim Latacz
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
ISBN: 9780472083534
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 196
Book Description
Published to great success in Europe, Joachim Latacz's bookHomer, His Art and His Worldis now widely available to an English-speaking audience.Homer, His Art and His Worldtakes Homer out of the preserve of specialists, and carefully outlines the historical background to Homer and his poetry. Current perspectives on the Iliad and the Odyssey are explained clearly, and narrow philological questions are deliberately avoided. Written in an accessible style for lovers of Homer and all who would like to be, Latacz's book brings Homer closer to the modern audience as a poet, and not as a historical source.Homer, His Art and His Worldincludes sections on the relevance of Homer to modern issues in literary criticism; on contemporary culture and history, including the Mycenaean era; the renaissance of the eighth century B.C.E.; and the poetical context of Homer's work; as well as specific chapters on theIliadandOdysseyand features peculiar to each poem. Homer, His Art and His Worldwill be of interest to a broad range of readers, including those interested in the literary history of Western culture. Joachim Latacz is Professor of Greek at the University of Basel, Switzerland. James P. Holoka is Professor of Classics and Ancient History at Eastern Michigan University.
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
ISBN: 9780472083534
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 196
Book Description
Published to great success in Europe, Joachim Latacz's bookHomer, His Art and His Worldis now widely available to an English-speaking audience.Homer, His Art and His Worldtakes Homer out of the preserve of specialists, and carefully outlines the historical background to Homer and his poetry. Current perspectives on the Iliad and the Odyssey are explained clearly, and narrow philological questions are deliberately avoided. Written in an accessible style for lovers of Homer and all who would like to be, Latacz's book brings Homer closer to the modern audience as a poet, and not as a historical source.Homer, His Art and His Worldincludes sections on the relevance of Homer to modern issues in literary criticism; on contemporary culture and history, including the Mycenaean era; the renaissance of the eighth century B.C.E.; and the poetical context of Homer's work; as well as specific chapters on theIliadandOdysseyand features peculiar to each poem. Homer, His Art and His Worldwill be of interest to a broad range of readers, including those interested in the literary history of Western culture. Joachim Latacz is Professor of Greek at the University of Basel, Switzerland. James P. Holoka is Professor of Classics and Ancient History at Eastern Michigan University.
Homer and His Age
Author: Andrew Lang
Publisher: IndyPublish.com
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 380
Book Description
Iron, we repeat, is in the poems a perfectly familiar metal. Ownership of bronze, gold, and iron, which requires much labour (in the smithying or smelting), appears regularly in the recurrent epic formula for describing a man of wealth. Footnote: Iliad, VI. 48; IX. 365-366; X. 379; XI. 133; Odyssey, XIV. 324; XXI. 10.] Iron, bronze, slaves, and hides are bartered for sea-borne wine at the siege of Troy?
Publisher: IndyPublish.com
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 380
Book Description
Iron, we repeat, is in the poems a perfectly familiar metal. Ownership of bronze, gold, and iron, which requires much labour (in the smithying or smelting), appears regularly in the recurrent epic formula for describing a man of wealth. Footnote: Iliad, VI. 48; IX. 365-366; X. 379; XI. 133; Odyssey, XIV. 324; XXI. 10.] Iron, bronze, slaves, and hides are bartered for sea-borne wine at the siege of Troy?
An Odyssey: A Father, A Son and an Epic: SHORTLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE 2017
Author: Daniel Mendelsohn
Publisher: HarperCollins UK
ISBN: 0007545142
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 292
Book Description
SHORTLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE 2017 SHORTLISTED FOR THE LONDON HELLENIC PRIZE 2017 WINNER OF THE PRIX MÉDITERRANÉE 2018 From the award-winning, best-selling writer: a deeply moving tale of a father and son’s transformative journey in reading – and reliving – Homer’s epic masterpiece.
Publisher: HarperCollins UK
ISBN: 0007545142
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 292
Book Description
SHORTLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE 2017 SHORTLISTED FOR THE LONDON HELLENIC PRIZE 2017 WINNER OF THE PRIX MÉDITERRANÉE 2018 From the award-winning, best-selling writer: a deeply moving tale of a father and son’s transformative journey in reading – and reliving – Homer’s epic masterpiece.
Homer and His Age
Author: Andrew Andrew Lang
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781986095600
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 258
Book Description
Contents The Homeric age -- Hypotheses as to the growth of the epics -- Hypotheses of epic composition -- Loose feudalism: the over-lord in "Iliad," books I and II -- Agamemnon in the later "Iliad" -- Archaeology of the "Iliad": burial and cremation -- Homeric armour -- The breastplate -- Bronze and iron -- The Homeric house -- Notes of change in the "Odyssey" -- Linguistic proofs of various dates -- The "Doloneia": "Iliad," book X -- The interpolations of Nestor -- The comparative study of early epics -- Homer and the French mediaeval epics -- Conclusion.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781986095600
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 258
Book Description
Contents The Homeric age -- Hypotheses as to the growth of the epics -- Hypotheses of epic composition -- Loose feudalism: the over-lord in "Iliad," books I and II -- Agamemnon in the later "Iliad" -- Archaeology of the "Iliad": burial and cremation -- Homeric armour -- The breastplate -- Bronze and iron -- The Homeric house -- Notes of change in the "Odyssey" -- Linguistic proofs of various dates -- The "Doloneia": "Iliad," book X -- The interpolations of Nestor -- The comparative study of early epics -- Homer and the French mediaeval epics -- Conclusion.