Author: Charles C. Lake
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 1498282695
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
Holy Is a Four-Letter Word responds to the need for an accessible and simple articulation of the holy life, and what it means for the collective church as well as for individual believers. This goal is accomplished by taking the fundamental tenets of holiness doctrine and shaping them around twelve four-letter words: (1) Holy, (2) Self, (3) Full, (4) Pure, (5) Will, (6) Mind, (7) Body, (8) Love, (9) Rest, (10) Life, (11) Sent, and (12) Call. Each chapter deals with holy living according to scripture as it pertains to each four-letter word. Setting the concept of holiness against the backdrop of modern (and often profane) media culture accomplishes two objectives: (1) it reveals the relevance and urgency of holy living amongst a super-charged, secular media culture, and (2) defining holy living, first and foremost, by what it is not thereby accentuating "holy" as being set a part for the purposes of God.
Holy Is a Four-Letter Word
Author: Charles C. Lake
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 1498282695
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
Holy Is a Four-Letter Word responds to the need for an accessible and simple articulation of the holy life, and what it means for the collective church as well as for individual believers. This goal is accomplished by taking the fundamental tenets of holiness doctrine and shaping them around twelve four-letter words: (1) Holy, (2) Self, (3) Full, (4) Pure, (5) Will, (6) Mind, (7) Body, (8) Love, (9) Rest, (10) Life, (11) Sent, and (12) Call. Each chapter deals with holy living according to scripture as it pertains to each four-letter word. Setting the concept of holiness against the backdrop of modern (and often profane) media culture accomplishes two objectives: (1) it reveals the relevance and urgency of holy living amongst a super-charged, secular media culture, and (2) defining holy living, first and foremost, by what it is not thereby accentuating "holy" as being set a part for the purposes of God.
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 1498282695
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
Holy Is a Four-Letter Word responds to the need for an accessible and simple articulation of the holy life, and what it means for the collective church as well as for individual believers. This goal is accomplished by taking the fundamental tenets of holiness doctrine and shaping them around twelve four-letter words: (1) Holy, (2) Self, (3) Full, (4) Pure, (5) Will, (6) Mind, (7) Body, (8) Love, (9) Rest, (10) Life, (11) Sent, and (12) Call. Each chapter deals with holy living according to scripture as it pertains to each four-letter word. Setting the concept of holiness against the backdrop of modern (and often profane) media culture accomplishes two objectives: (1) it reveals the relevance and urgency of holy living amongst a super-charged, secular media culture, and (2) defining holy living, first and foremost, by what it is not thereby accentuating "holy" as being set a part for the purposes of God.
Four-Letter Word
Author: Christa Desir
Publisher: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers
ISBN: 1481497383
Category : Young Adult Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
“Raw, real, and impossible to put down.” —Jennifer Mathieu, author of The Truth About Alice and Moxie “Tender, gripping, and deceptively haunting.” —Brendan Kiely, New York Times bestselling coauthor of All American Boys and The Last True Love Story “Bold and edgy…will leave readers breathlessly turning pages.” —Gae Polisner, author of The Memory of Things and The Summer of Letting Go Eight friends. One game. A dozen regrets. And a night that will ruin them all, in this high-stakes gripping story of manipulation and innocence lost, from the author of Bleed Like Me. Chloe Sanders is ready for a change. She’s tired of watching her best friend Eve turn away from her for the more interesting and popular Holly Reed, and tired of living with her grandparents while her parents volunteer overseas. Chloe spends her days crushing on a guy named Mateo, being mostly ignored by Eve and Holly, and wishing the cornfields of Iowa didn’t feel so incredibly lonely. Then a new girl transfers to her high school—Chloe Donnelly. This Chloe is bold and arty and instantly placed on a pedestal by Eve and Holly. Now suddenly everyone is referring to Chloe Sanders as “Other Chloe” and she figures the only thing to do is go with it. Chloe Donnelly introduces all her friends to a dangerous game: a girls vs. guys challenge that only has one rule—obtain information by any means necessary. Chloe Donnelly’s got power over everyone—secrets she’s exploiting—and she uses it to keep them all playing. When the game turns nasty, soft-spoken Mateo chooses Other Chloe to help him expose everything Chloe Donnelly has done. But neither realize just how much the truth could cost them in the end.
Publisher: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers
ISBN: 1481497383
Category : Young Adult Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
“Raw, real, and impossible to put down.” —Jennifer Mathieu, author of The Truth About Alice and Moxie “Tender, gripping, and deceptively haunting.” —Brendan Kiely, New York Times bestselling coauthor of All American Boys and The Last True Love Story “Bold and edgy…will leave readers breathlessly turning pages.” —Gae Polisner, author of The Memory of Things and The Summer of Letting Go Eight friends. One game. A dozen regrets. And a night that will ruin them all, in this high-stakes gripping story of manipulation and innocence lost, from the author of Bleed Like Me. Chloe Sanders is ready for a change. She’s tired of watching her best friend Eve turn away from her for the more interesting and popular Holly Reed, and tired of living with her grandparents while her parents volunteer overseas. Chloe spends her days crushing on a guy named Mateo, being mostly ignored by Eve and Holly, and wishing the cornfields of Iowa didn’t feel so incredibly lonely. Then a new girl transfers to her high school—Chloe Donnelly. This Chloe is bold and arty and instantly placed on a pedestal by Eve and Holly. Now suddenly everyone is referring to Chloe Sanders as “Other Chloe” and she figures the only thing to do is go with it. Chloe Donnelly introduces all her friends to a dangerous game: a girls vs. guys challenge that only has one rule—obtain information by any means necessary. Chloe Donnelly’s got power over everyone—secrets she’s exploiting—and she uses it to keep them all playing. When the game turns nasty, soft-spoken Mateo chooses Other Chloe to help him expose everything Chloe Donnelly has done. But neither realize just how much the truth could cost them in the end.
The Four-Letter Word Edited Out of Church Life
Author: Allan J. Macdonald
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 166678088X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 84
Book Description
It is misunderstood, neglected, ignored, redacted, deleted, and hated! The doctrine of Hell is naturally unpalatable to the unconverted but has become equally unpalatable to much of the visible church, including many who deem themselves to be evangelical. Jesus is still regarded as the one who saves, but it is forgotten what he saves from! It is a doctrine so unwanted and offensive that it is cut out of church teaching, like an editorial cut-out of a swear word in the media. Yet, not that long ago, it was universally accepted dogma, reflecting the emphatic manner in which the Lord Jesus addressed the subject, giving more attention to Hell than to any other subject! Concise yet comprehensive, this book inspires a new generation of Christians to embrace and proclaim the doctrine in its fulness, in imitation of Jesus and his gospel. Extremely thought provoking, it is a must-read for all seminary students and prospective pastors. Equally suitable as an evangelistic tool, the unconverted are repeatedly entreated to take refuge in Jesus and escape the most terrible destination in all of creation. Do not delete this four-letter word from your church life!
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 166678088X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 84
Book Description
It is misunderstood, neglected, ignored, redacted, deleted, and hated! The doctrine of Hell is naturally unpalatable to the unconverted but has become equally unpalatable to much of the visible church, including many who deem themselves to be evangelical. Jesus is still regarded as the one who saves, but it is forgotten what he saves from! It is a doctrine so unwanted and offensive that it is cut out of church teaching, like an editorial cut-out of a swear word in the media. Yet, not that long ago, it was universally accepted dogma, reflecting the emphatic manner in which the Lord Jesus addressed the subject, giving more attention to Hell than to any other subject! Concise yet comprehensive, this book inspires a new generation of Christians to embrace and proclaim the doctrine in its fulness, in imitation of Jesus and his gospel. Extremely thought provoking, it is a must-read for all seminary students and prospective pastors. Equally suitable as an evangelistic tool, the unconverted are repeatedly entreated to take refuge in Jesus and escape the most terrible destination in all of creation. Do not delete this four-letter word from your church life!
More for Mom
Author: Kristin Funston
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1501879723
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
Moms are constantly giving. Giving their time, energy, and emotions to their job, their kids, their spouse, their community? But now it is time for moms to start to receive. More for Mom will encourage women to stop believing the lie that more is needed from them, and start living with the truth that more is available for them. With real-life talk, humor and convicting biblical truths, Kristin Funston helps work-hard mamas to look at each day and each facet of their life to discover what happens when they believe God has more for them than what they think the world needs from them. And what He has available is a whole and holy life, just waiting to be claimed - a salvation and day-to-day reality complete and set apart just as it is. The pieces of each mom’s life - the work life, mom life, social life, etc. - are mended together through Christ to complete her one whole life, set apart because of Him. This book is a stepping stone to help working mothers reset their spiritual and emotional health, habits, and relationship with God. There are performance pressures at work, home, and mind-sets that affect a mom’s ability to feel complete and live more closely aligned with God. This book includes the beginning steps for moms to walk in wholeness and holiness by asking God for more.
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1501879723
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
Moms are constantly giving. Giving their time, energy, and emotions to their job, their kids, their spouse, their community? But now it is time for moms to start to receive. More for Mom will encourage women to stop believing the lie that more is needed from them, and start living with the truth that more is available for them. With real-life talk, humor and convicting biblical truths, Kristin Funston helps work-hard mamas to look at each day and each facet of their life to discover what happens when they believe God has more for them than what they think the world needs from them. And what He has available is a whole and holy life, just waiting to be claimed - a salvation and day-to-day reality complete and set apart just as it is. The pieces of each mom’s life - the work life, mom life, social life, etc. - are mended together through Christ to complete her one whole life, set apart because of Him. This book is a stepping stone to help working mothers reset their spiritual and emotional health, habits, and relationship with God. There are performance pressures at work, home, and mind-sets that affect a mom’s ability to feel complete and live more closely aligned with God. This book includes the beginning steps for moms to walk in wholeness and holiness by asking God for more.
Holy of Holies Sanctuary Convocation
Author: Apostle Anthony U. Nwaeze
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
ISBN: 146914350X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 713
Book Description
The Holy of Holies Sanctuary Convocation, is a jewel of inestimable value and it contains within its pages, comprehensive and practical knowledge and wisdom that if applied will transform your life. It outlines how true Christian believers can Worship God in spirit and in truth as specified by Jesus Christ in the book of John 4:21-25. The book emphatically stated the divine spiritual principles and prescription which a true Christian must observe in order to receive The Awesome Miracle Wonder Working Power of God in his life and experience unparallel happiness, joy, good health, blessings, favour, grace, and peace profound.
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
ISBN: 146914350X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 713
Book Description
The Holy of Holies Sanctuary Convocation, is a jewel of inestimable value and it contains within its pages, comprehensive and practical knowledge and wisdom that if applied will transform your life. It outlines how true Christian believers can Worship God in spirit and in truth as specified by Jesus Christ in the book of John 4:21-25. The book emphatically stated the divine spiritual principles and prescription which a true Christian must observe in order to receive The Awesome Miracle Wonder Working Power of God in his life and experience unparallel happiness, joy, good health, blessings, favour, grace, and peace profound.
Four Letter Word
Author: Joshua Knelman
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1416569731
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
An original compilation of short fiction created in the form of a series of love letters by forty celebrated writers includes contributions from Jonathan Lethem, A.L. Kennedy, Jan Morris, Douglas Coupland, Margaret Atwood, and Ursula K. Le Guin.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1416569731
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
An original compilation of short fiction created in the form of a series of love letters by forty celebrated writers includes contributions from Jonathan Lethem, A.L. Kennedy, Jan Morris, Douglas Coupland, Margaret Atwood, and Ursula K. Le Guin.
No Thanks
Author: E. E. Cummings
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 087140172X
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 97
Book Description
Reissued in an edition newly offset from the authoritative Complete Poems 1904-1962, edited by George James Firmage. E. E. Cummings, along with Pound, Eliot, and Williams, helped bring about the twentieth-century revolution in literary expression. He is recognized as the author of some of the most beautiful lyric poems written in the English language and also as one of the most inventive American poets of his time. Fresh and candid, by turns earthy, tender, defiant, and romantic, Cummings's poems celebrate the uniqueness of each individual, the need to protest the dehumanizing force of organizations, and the exuberant power of love. No Thanks was first published in 1935; although Cummings was by then in mid-career, he had still not achieved recognition, and the title refers ironically to publishers' rejections. No Thanks contains some of Cummings's most daring literary experiments, and it represents most fully his view of life—romantic individualism. The poems celebrate an openly felt response to the beauties of the natural world, and they give first place to love, especially sexual love, in all its manifestations. The volume includes such favorites as "sonnet entitled how to run the world)," "may I feel said he," "Jehovah buried. Satan dead," "be of love (a little)," and the now-famous grasshopper poem.
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 087140172X
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 97
Book Description
Reissued in an edition newly offset from the authoritative Complete Poems 1904-1962, edited by George James Firmage. E. E. Cummings, along with Pound, Eliot, and Williams, helped bring about the twentieth-century revolution in literary expression. He is recognized as the author of some of the most beautiful lyric poems written in the English language and also as one of the most inventive American poets of his time. Fresh and candid, by turns earthy, tender, defiant, and romantic, Cummings's poems celebrate the uniqueness of each individual, the need to protest the dehumanizing force of organizations, and the exuberant power of love. No Thanks was first published in 1935; although Cummings was by then in mid-career, he had still not achieved recognition, and the title refers ironically to publishers' rejections. No Thanks contains some of Cummings's most daring literary experiments, and it represents most fully his view of life—romantic individualism. The poems celebrate an openly felt response to the beauties of the natural world, and they give first place to love, especially sexual love, in all its manifestations. The volume includes such favorites as "sonnet entitled how to run the world)," "may I feel said he," "Jehovah buried. Satan dead," "be of love (a little)," and the now-famous grasshopper poem.
Marriage, It’S Not Physical ...It’S ... S P I R I T Ua L!!! ...(Holy)
Author: Evangelist Alicia F. Rooks
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1496961196
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 385
Book Description
I was inspired to write the book titled: Marriage, Its Not PhysicalIts Spiritual (Holy) about 12 years ago. After experiencing two unsuccessful marriages, and still having the desire to marry again one day when the Lord allow me to connect with the right person, for real this time then I will be relieved. I pray that this time I will take my own advice, do my homework, and realize that it is not a physical thing, it is Spiritual! I am no marriage counselor, and definitely do not claim to have all of the answers however, experience isI would say a great teacher. You see, some people, they never learn. I pray that this time I could reminisce on what I have gone through realizing that it was not just for me, but on purpose and for others. You see when God has a plan and has a willing vessel that will answer the call then He will allow His will/work to be done through whomever is willing. The key word is willing because a lot of people are not willing. Instead of complaining, I have learned to say, ok, Lord, what lesson do You want me to learn from this? Who would you like me to minister to through my experience of going about marriage that You have designed the wrong way? As others read this book, I know that it would be a life-changing awakening. I believe that hearts/marriages/relationships would be mended, and healed. I know that this is not just another book to pick up and read at your own leisure, but if I must say so myself, it is a book that once you pick it up, you will not want to put it down until it has ministered to you completely!
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1496961196
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 385
Book Description
I was inspired to write the book titled: Marriage, Its Not PhysicalIts Spiritual (Holy) about 12 years ago. After experiencing two unsuccessful marriages, and still having the desire to marry again one day when the Lord allow me to connect with the right person, for real this time then I will be relieved. I pray that this time I will take my own advice, do my homework, and realize that it is not a physical thing, it is Spiritual! I am no marriage counselor, and definitely do not claim to have all of the answers however, experience isI would say a great teacher. You see, some people, they never learn. I pray that this time I could reminisce on what I have gone through realizing that it was not just for me, but on purpose and for others. You see when God has a plan and has a willing vessel that will answer the call then He will allow His will/work to be done through whomever is willing. The key word is willing because a lot of people are not willing. Instead of complaining, I have learned to say, ok, Lord, what lesson do You want me to learn from this? Who would you like me to minister to through my experience of going about marriage that You have designed the wrong way? As others read this book, I know that it would be a life-changing awakening. I believe that hearts/marriages/relationships would be mended, and healed. I know that this is not just another book to pick up and read at your own leisure, but if I must say so myself, it is a book that once you pick it up, you will not want to put it down until it has ministered to you completely!
Holidays Are Holy Days
Author: Alex A Gondola Jr
Publisher: CSS Publishing
ISBN: 0788023284
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Almost every month in the year has a secular holiday -- and on those "special" Sundays, preachers need to balance honoring the occasion with maintaining their focus on the proclamation of God's Word. It can be a challenging task, but it also presents a great opportunity to uncover the religious significance of our civic celebrations. In this extensive volume of inspiring messages, Alex Gondola draws on the rich variety of American culture and scriptural insight to remind us that holidays truly are holy days. Great for personal reading, adult study groups, or fresh sermon ideas, Holidays Are Holy Days is a versatile resource that you'll draw on throughout the year. Sermons are included for: - New Year's Day - Martin Luther King Day - Super Bowl Sunday - Valentine's Day - Presidents' Day - St. Patrick's Day - April Fool's Day - Earth Day - Mother's Day - Memorial Day - Father's Day - Independence Day - Labor Day - Grandparent's Day - Columbus Day/Indigenous Peoples' Day - Halloween/All Saints - Reformation Sunday - Veterans' Day - Thanksgiving - Christmas How does one avoid simplistic, even overly sentimental, preaching and yet address themes that are important to many American churchgoers? In this book Alex Gondola masterfully navigates his way into insightful sermons on themes which often tax the imagination of excellent preachers. Novice and seasoned preachers will benefit from this book, and all persons who read it will be inspired. Benjamin Griffin President Emeritus Andover Newton Theological School This is biblical preaching in the best sense: informative, creatively theological, challenging, invitational, occasionally wry, always participatory, and faithful to the God whose interests inform every page. In these sermons Gondola weaves hard data, history, and practical theology in the service of challenging Christians to live faithfully in the 21st century. Nancy S. Taylor Minister and President Massachusetts Conference, United Church of Christ Designed for those special days in our "civil religion" that preachers often find challenging, these expertly crafted sermons make an intelligent, creative use of scripture that demonstrates the relevance of those ancient texts to the present day. Filled with stories from everyday life, they reach both the head and the heart, and they have a social conscience. Kenneth Cauthen John Price Crozer Griffith Professor of Theology Emeritus Colgate-Rochester-Crozer Divinity School Author of Rejoicing in Life's "Melissa Moments" Alex A. Gondola Jr., is senior pastor of St. Paul United Church of Christ in Wapakoneta, Ohio. He previously served Dennis Union Church in Dennis, Massachusetts. A graduate of Allegheny College (B.A.), Andover Newton Theological School (M.Div.), and Colgate Rochester Divinity School (D.Min.), Gondola has also studied at Hartford Seminary and the New College of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh (Scotland). He is the author of Come As You Are, Pray Like This... and Don't Forget The Child (CSS), and also contributed several stewardship sermons to the CSS anthology From Every Angle.
Publisher: CSS Publishing
ISBN: 0788023284
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Almost every month in the year has a secular holiday -- and on those "special" Sundays, preachers need to balance honoring the occasion with maintaining their focus on the proclamation of God's Word. It can be a challenging task, but it also presents a great opportunity to uncover the religious significance of our civic celebrations. In this extensive volume of inspiring messages, Alex Gondola draws on the rich variety of American culture and scriptural insight to remind us that holidays truly are holy days. Great for personal reading, adult study groups, or fresh sermon ideas, Holidays Are Holy Days is a versatile resource that you'll draw on throughout the year. Sermons are included for: - New Year's Day - Martin Luther King Day - Super Bowl Sunday - Valentine's Day - Presidents' Day - St. Patrick's Day - April Fool's Day - Earth Day - Mother's Day - Memorial Day - Father's Day - Independence Day - Labor Day - Grandparent's Day - Columbus Day/Indigenous Peoples' Day - Halloween/All Saints - Reformation Sunday - Veterans' Day - Thanksgiving - Christmas How does one avoid simplistic, even overly sentimental, preaching and yet address themes that are important to many American churchgoers? In this book Alex Gondola masterfully navigates his way into insightful sermons on themes which often tax the imagination of excellent preachers. Novice and seasoned preachers will benefit from this book, and all persons who read it will be inspired. Benjamin Griffin President Emeritus Andover Newton Theological School This is biblical preaching in the best sense: informative, creatively theological, challenging, invitational, occasionally wry, always participatory, and faithful to the God whose interests inform every page. In these sermons Gondola weaves hard data, history, and practical theology in the service of challenging Christians to live faithfully in the 21st century. Nancy S. Taylor Minister and President Massachusetts Conference, United Church of Christ Designed for those special days in our "civil religion" that preachers often find challenging, these expertly crafted sermons make an intelligent, creative use of scripture that demonstrates the relevance of those ancient texts to the present day. Filled with stories from everyday life, they reach both the head and the heart, and they have a social conscience. Kenneth Cauthen John Price Crozer Griffith Professor of Theology Emeritus Colgate-Rochester-Crozer Divinity School Author of Rejoicing in Life's "Melissa Moments" Alex A. Gondola Jr., is senior pastor of St. Paul United Church of Christ in Wapakoneta, Ohio. He previously served Dennis Union Church in Dennis, Massachusetts. A graduate of Allegheny College (B.A.), Andover Newton Theological School (M.Div.), and Colgate Rochester Divinity School (D.Min.), Gondola has also studied at Hartford Seminary and the New College of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh (Scotland). He is the author of Come As You Are, Pray Like This... and Don't Forget The Child (CSS), and also contributed several stewardship sermons to the CSS anthology From Every Angle.
The Holy Cipher: Who Changed God's Name?
Author: Norbert H. Kox
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 0615161421
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 147
Book Description
Norbert H. Kox has researched the Bible in its original languages for more than 30 years, and presents his startling findings here. a Modern Christianity has been duped. Without ever knowing it, the Antichrist they are warning against has already infiltrated the Church.a The Key of knowledge has been hidden and the names of God and Saviour gradually removed from common use without raising suspicion or inciting controversy. The two most important names in the history of mankind have been all but obliterated from existence. Where these names are still in tact they are being undermined, by missionaries who believe they are doing a service to God. This treatise is part of a documented research study into the historical linguistic changes in the names of God and Saviour, from the oldest known manuscripts to the modern present-day English versions of the Bible. Along with solid historical and etymological evidence, symmetrical Bible codes are presented as irrefutable ratification.
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 0615161421
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 147
Book Description
Norbert H. Kox has researched the Bible in its original languages for more than 30 years, and presents his startling findings here. a Modern Christianity has been duped. Without ever knowing it, the Antichrist they are warning against has already infiltrated the Church.a The Key of knowledge has been hidden and the names of God and Saviour gradually removed from common use without raising suspicion or inciting controversy. The two most important names in the history of mankind have been all but obliterated from existence. Where these names are still in tact they are being undermined, by missionaries who believe they are doing a service to God. This treatise is part of a documented research study into the historical linguistic changes in the names of God and Saviour, from the oldest known manuscripts to the modern present-day English versions of the Bible. Along with solid historical and etymological evidence, symmetrical Bible codes are presented as irrefutable ratification.