Author: Dongshu Ou Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 39
Book Description
We examine the causal impact of China's higher education expansion on labor market outcomes for young college graduates using China's 2005 1% Population Sample Survey. Exploiting variation in the expansion of university spots across provinces and high school cohorts and applying a difference-in-differences model, we find that the expansion of higher education in China decreases unemployment rates, especially among males and high school graduates. However, the policy also decreases women's labor force participation and individual earnings in highly-skilled white-collar jobs. We further discuss potential channels affecting the observed outcomes. Our results illustrate the strong demand for a skilled labor force in China and the broad economic benefits of higher education.
Author: Yanmin Yu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
ABSTRACT: In 1999, the Chinese government launched a higher education expansion policy. Between 1998 and 1999, the number of new students enrolled in colleges increased by 40%. The expansion continued for several years. By 2006, the number of new students enrolled in colleges increased to 5.5 million, which was 5 times that in 1998. Using the 1997 and 2006 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, the paper studies the effects of the expansion policy on labor market outcomes of young college graduates. Treating the expansion policy as a natural experiment and using a difference-in-difference strategy, my research results suggest that the expansion policy causes the unemployment of young college graduates to increase by 8.7 percent, the full-time employment rate to decrease by 21 percent, and the average monthly earnings to decrease by 104.07 Yuan, equivalent to 18.35 Canadian dollars.
Author: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education Publisher: New York ; Toronto : McGraw-Hill ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 664
Book Description
Monograph comprising a compilation of research papers on higher education and the labour market for university graduates in the USA - covers trends affecting minority group graduates, educated labour force, the college dropout, employment opportunities for professional workers, trade unionism among college teachers, cost benefit analysis of higher education, employment policy and educational policy implications, etc. References and statistical tables.
Author: William E. Becker Jr. Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401581673 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
After decades of effortless growth and prosperity, America's postsecondary institutions of education have come under increasing financial stress and waning public support. In part, this stress reflects a slowdown in the real rate of national economic growth and the loss of federal and state revenues for education generally. It also reflects a trend of state legislatures simply giving higher education an ever lower ranking on the list of funding priorities. Postsecondary educational institutions in the United States will continue to face increasing financial stress and waning public support as critics question the contribution of higher education to economic growth, which historically has been a major rationale for funding. Unless the trends in education financing can be changed, higher edu cation can be expected to stagnate. What, if anything, can be done? As a starting point, advocates of higher education need to more fully recognize the important ways in which higher education influences technological change and also is influenced by that change. As demonstrated by the chapters in this book, higher education is not a neutral or passive player in economic growth. This volume addresses topics related to the role of postsecondary education in national economic development within the United States.
Author: Yun Feng Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 118
Book Description
This dissertation studies the effects of China's higher education expansion reform on workers' labor market outcomes. In Chapter 1, I investigate how China's higher education expansion reform affects young workers' labor market outcomes. Using data from the 2005 China Population Survey, I estimate the effects of the reform using a diff-in-diff type of framework. The key variation I use for identification is province-specific cohort-to-cohort variation in the expansion intensity. I find that the reform does not increase unemployment but reduces labor force participation for young workers. In the meantime, the reform increases the likelihood of getting a graduate degree, which partly explains why it decreases labor force participation. Similar results are obtained for college cohorts using IV. In Chapter 2, I aim to address the caveats embedded in the empirical strategy in Chapter 1. To do so, I construct and structurally estimate a dynamic discrete choice labor market general equilibrium model, and innovate in modeling and estimation by incorporating the college admissions policy of China. Unlike in Chapter 1, this approach allows one to generate counterfactuals and policy simulations while taking into account the general equilibrium effects of the reform. After structurally estimating the model, I show that it matches key data moments reasonably well. In Chapter 3, I examine the effects of China's higher education expansion reform on the evolution of the college wage premium. I show that the reform interacts with the demographics of workers and affects them differentially. Using the model developed in Chapter 2, I find that in the presence of post-reform technological progress, the reform first increases and then decreases the college wage premium. In its absence, however, the reform decreases the college wage premium from the start. I also find that in the latter case, workers induced to go to college by the reform (compliers) gain the most on average, whereas those who go to college with or without it (always-takers) lose the most, because the large increase in the supply of high-skill labor depresses skill prices. Policy experiments are conducted to show, if China were to continue with the expansion, how long it would take for it to reach the average share of high-skill workers in developed countries.
Author: F‡tima Suleman Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN: 1035307154 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 309
Book Description
As higher education continues to expand and an increasing number of graduates enter the workforce, this insightful book considers the crucial social and economic questions raised by this societal shift. F‡tima Suleman, Pedro Videira and Pedro Teixeira bring together an array of experts to illustrate the connections between higher education and the labour market across continents.
Author: Xinxin Ma Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9813369043 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 190
Book Description
This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds.
Author: Yu He Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 196
Book Description
To meet the future demand for highly educated labour, the "College Enrolment Expansion" policy was implemented in China at the end of the 20th century. But after a few years, new college graduates found it hard to get skilled jobs and some of them were unemployed. Many college graduates had to do unskilled work, living in groups, settling on fringes of cities-they are called "Ants".Unlike some scholars who blame the "Ants" problem on market frictions or barriers, this thesis indicates the core reason is that the capability of these graduates was not recognized by employers because they could not match skilled job requirements. Lack of qualified lecturers and resources, and course programs that were out of touch with work requirements led to a quality decline in teaching as colleges expanded, so students could not learn enough skills before graduation. The thesis develops a concept of market recognition to study this phenomenon.Market recognition is the degree of recognition of some group of persons as perceived by employers in the labour market. It is a competitive concept. When persons try to find jobs, they always face competition. Market recognition is a reflection of workers' capabilities in the employers' view and determines the chance for persons to win in the competition for job vacancies. For example, a primary-educated worker cannot get a technician job when competing with a higher-educated worker because his capability is not recognized by the employer when comparing with the higher-educated worker.Many new college graduates' lack of success in finding skilled jobs was due to their failure in competing with other experienced college-educated persons. We develop a labour market module as an extension of the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to depict this process in history. In the module, workers are classified by six occupation types and three education levels; different types of labour compete with each other when seeking jobs; labour flows between occupations through a dynamic job vacancy chain, in which job vacancies emerge and then are filled by winners in job competition in each time; market recognition will determine who is the winner.We develop a very detailed baseline to replicate the history that the worsening situation for college graduates to find skilled jobs. In this baseline, structural changes in China's GDP components, employment, sectoral output, consumption, imports and exports are captured as well as many macro indicators and price indices. It means our model has traced the features of China's economic growth, which provides an accurate background for labour market transition. Inside the labour market, we inform the model of occupational and educational wage gap changes, numbers of unemployment, numbers of new school graduates and yearly "Ants" entry. Under these constraints, our labour market module draws a potential labour transition matrix for each year, in which labour flows between occupations in each education level are captured as well as changes of the market recognition of new college graduates. In the baseline of history replication, our model reveals a strong positive demand shift for college-educated labour in China since 1998, which is mainly caused by new technology requirements and the rapid expansion of highly-educated-intensive sectors. The baseline also captures the rapid increasing demand for college-educated labour, accompanied by a high unemployment rate of college graduates in these years. Taking account of historical wage adjustment and demand shifts, the baseline clearly reveals that the market recognition of college graduates experienced a continuous decline during college expansion, which explains the increasing number of "Ants" and high college graduate unemployment rates. On one side, new college graduates thought they had college degrees and deserved skilled jobs; on the other side, employers did not recognize capabilities of these graduates and would not provide them skilled jobs. As a result, more and more new college graduates had to do unskilled jobs or became unemployed. For example, the labour transition matrix tells that over 50% of new college graduates could get technician jobs and the unemployment rate of college graduates was below 8% in 1997; while in 2011, only 11% of college graduates became technicians directly and the corresponding unemployment rate was 12%.The plan of college expansion is to increase labour supply of the highly educated to meet the future demand for skilled workers, but the decline of the market recognition of college graduates made it inefficient. "Ants" are considered as a loss in effective highly educated labour supply, and a counterfactual simulation is designed to assess its effect and the corresponding cost to China's economy. In the simulation, the market recognition of college graduates is assumed to decline less than what happened in history. The result indicates the unemployment rate of college graduates would drop sharply due to this reduced decline; the equivalent losses in effective highly educated labour supply are approximately five million persons to 2011; and the corresponding cost to the level of China's annual GDP is above 0.3%.
Author: Dongshu Ou
Author: Yanmin Yu
Author: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education
Author: William E. Becker Jr.
Author: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education
Author: Margaret S. Gordon
Author: Yun Feng
Author: F‡tima Suleman
Author: Xinxin Ma
Author: Yu He