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Author: Shan Wu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Electrical energy storage devices are among the most important components for a broad range of applications in modern electronics and electrical power systems such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), medical defibrillators, filters, and switched-mode power supplies. Due to these applications, electrical energy storage devices have been growing rapidly in recent years. Desired properties of the dielectrics for energy storage include high electric energy density, high charge-discharge efficiency, high electric breakdown, and high operation temperature. Compared with ceramic capacitors, polymer thin film capacitors are inexpensive, possess high dielectric strength, high energy density and low dielectric loss, and fail gracefully. The continuous miniaturization and increased functionality in modern electronics and electric power systems demand further increases in energy and power density of dielectric materials since these capacitors contribute significant (>30%) volume and weight to systems. One major challenge in developing dielectric polymers is realizing high energy density while maintaining low dielectric loss, even when high electric fields are applied. The traditional dielectric polymers have a relatively low dielectric constant around 2-3, and the energy density is limited to below 5 J/cm3. Recently, PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) based dielectric polymers such as P(VDF-CTFE) (CTFE: chlorotrifluoroethylene) and P(VDF-HFP) (HFP: hexafluoropropylene) have been studied and demonstrated to achieve very high energy densities (>25 J/cm3). Unfortunately, it is still a challenge to reduce the ferroelectric loss in PVDF based polymers by the strongly coupled dipoles and the high electric field conduction loss. Two approaches are introduced in this dissertation on how to develop the next generation polymer dielectrics with high energy density, low loss, high breakdown strength, and high temperature stability. The first approach is modification of high K polymer dielectrics to reduce the ferroelectric loss and conduction loss. The second approach is start from intrinsically low loss materials, then enhance the dielectric properties by increasing the dipole moment and dipole density.A polar-fluoropolymer blend consisting of a high energy density P(VDF-CTFE) and a low dielectric loss poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE) was developed. Both the blend and crosslinked blend films exhibit a dielectric constant of 7 and low loss (1%), as expected from the classical composite theory. Moreover, introducing crosslinking can lead to a marked reduction of losses in blend films at high electric fields while maintaining a high energy density. At 250 MV/m, a loss of 3% can be achieved in the crosslinked blend compared with 7% loss in pure blend, which is already much below that of pure P(VDF-CTFE) (35%). Furthermore, uniaxially stretch can improve the dielectric breakdown strength and mechanical properties.The promise of aromatic, amorphous, and polar polymers containing high dipolar moments with very low defect levels is demonstrated for future dielectric materials with ultrahigh electric-energy density, low loss at high applied fields, and ultrahigh breakdown strengths. Specifically, an amorphous, polar, and glass-phase dielectric polymer aromatic polythiourea (ArPTU) features extremely high dielectric breakdown strength (>1.1 GV/m), low loss at high electric fields (10% at 1.1 GV/m), and a high maximum electrical energy density (>24 J/cm3). This dissertation presents a study of the structure-property relationships and electrical properties study in ArPTU, and offers a phenomenological explanation for the experimentally observed high-field loss characteristics which facilitate the excellent energy storage properties.Besides the aromatic polythiourea, meta-aromatic polyurea (meta-PU) was developed and investigated for energy storage capacitors. Modifications to the molecular structure can tune the dipolar density and dipole moment in the polyurea systems to improve the dielectric properties. The meta-PU has an enhanced dielectric constant from the higher volume dipolar density, higher energy density, and a high electrical breakdown. A high storage electrical energy density of 13 J/cm3 with energy storage efficiency of 91% can be achieved at 670 MV/m electric field. Other polyureas, polythioureas based dielectrics with tunable dielectric properties are also summarized.Polymer dielectrics possessing high dielectric constant, low loss are not only of great importance for energy storage capacitors, but also attractive as gate dielectrics in organic thin film field effect transistors (OTFTs). In this work, solution processable PVDF based polymers, with tunable dielectric constant from 7 to more than 50 as well as ferroelectricity, were used as the gate insulator in bottom gated OTFTs with a pentacene semiconductor layer. Due to the high dielectric constant of P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), a large capacitive coupling between the gate and channel can be achieved which causes a high charge concentration at the interface of the semiconductor and dielectric layers. In devices with the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) dielectric layer, high performances and a low minimum operation gate voltage (5-10 V) were attained. Also, the ferroelectric thin film transistor with the P(VDF-TrFE) dielectric has a high remnant polarization, which is desired for memory applications.
Author: Shan Wu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Electrical energy storage devices are among the most important components for a broad range of applications in modern electronics and electrical power systems such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), medical defibrillators, filters, and switched-mode power supplies. Due to these applications, electrical energy storage devices have been growing rapidly in recent years. Desired properties of the dielectrics for energy storage include high electric energy density, high charge-discharge efficiency, high electric breakdown, and high operation temperature. Compared with ceramic capacitors, polymer thin film capacitors are inexpensive, possess high dielectric strength, high energy density and low dielectric loss, and fail gracefully. The continuous miniaturization and increased functionality in modern electronics and electric power systems demand further increases in energy and power density of dielectric materials since these capacitors contribute significant (>30%) volume and weight to systems. One major challenge in developing dielectric polymers is realizing high energy density while maintaining low dielectric loss, even when high electric fields are applied. The traditional dielectric polymers have a relatively low dielectric constant around 2-3, and the energy density is limited to below 5 J/cm3. Recently, PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) based dielectric polymers such as P(VDF-CTFE) (CTFE: chlorotrifluoroethylene) and P(VDF-HFP) (HFP: hexafluoropropylene) have been studied and demonstrated to achieve very high energy densities (>25 J/cm3). Unfortunately, it is still a challenge to reduce the ferroelectric loss in PVDF based polymers by the strongly coupled dipoles and the high electric field conduction loss. Two approaches are introduced in this dissertation on how to develop the next generation polymer dielectrics with high energy density, low loss, high breakdown strength, and high temperature stability. The first approach is modification of high K polymer dielectrics to reduce the ferroelectric loss and conduction loss. The second approach is start from intrinsically low loss materials, then enhance the dielectric properties by increasing the dipole moment and dipole density.A polar-fluoropolymer blend consisting of a high energy density P(VDF-CTFE) and a low dielectric loss poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE) was developed. Both the blend and crosslinked blend films exhibit a dielectric constant of 7 and low loss (1%), as expected from the classical composite theory. Moreover, introducing crosslinking can lead to a marked reduction of losses in blend films at high electric fields while maintaining a high energy density. At 250 MV/m, a loss of 3% can be achieved in the crosslinked blend compared with 7% loss in pure blend, which is already much below that of pure P(VDF-CTFE) (35%). Furthermore, uniaxially stretch can improve the dielectric breakdown strength and mechanical properties.The promise of aromatic, amorphous, and polar polymers containing high dipolar moments with very low defect levels is demonstrated for future dielectric materials with ultrahigh electric-energy density, low loss at high applied fields, and ultrahigh breakdown strengths. Specifically, an amorphous, polar, and glass-phase dielectric polymer aromatic polythiourea (ArPTU) features extremely high dielectric breakdown strength (>1.1 GV/m), low loss at high electric fields (10% at 1.1 GV/m), and a high maximum electrical energy density (>24 J/cm3). This dissertation presents a study of the structure-property relationships and electrical properties study in ArPTU, and offers a phenomenological explanation for the experimentally observed high-field loss characteristics which facilitate the excellent energy storage properties.Besides the aromatic polythiourea, meta-aromatic polyurea (meta-PU) was developed and investigated for energy storage capacitors. Modifications to the molecular structure can tune the dipolar density and dipole moment in the polyurea systems to improve the dielectric properties. The meta-PU has an enhanced dielectric constant from the higher volume dipolar density, higher energy density, and a high electrical breakdown. A high storage electrical energy density of 13 J/cm3 with energy storage efficiency of 91% can be achieved at 670 MV/m electric field. Other polyureas, polythioureas based dielectrics with tunable dielectric properties are also summarized.Polymer dielectrics possessing high dielectric constant, low loss are not only of great importance for energy storage capacitors, but also attractive as gate dielectrics in organic thin film field effect transistors (OTFTs). In this work, solution processable PVDF based polymers, with tunable dielectric constant from 7 to more than 50 as well as ferroelectricity, were used as the gate insulator in bottom gated OTFTs with a pentacene semiconductor layer. Due to the high dielectric constant of P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), a large capacitive coupling between the gate and channel can be achieved which causes a high charge concentration at the interface of the semiconductor and dielectric layers. In devices with the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) dielectric layer, high performances and a low minimum operation gate voltage (5-10 V) were attained. Also, the ferroelectric thin film transistor with the P(VDF-TrFE) dielectric has a high remnant polarization, which is desired for memory applications.
Author: Zhi-Min Dang Publisher: William Andrew ISBN: 0128132167 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 500
Book Description
Dielectric Polymer Materials for High-Density Energy Storage begins by introducing the fundamentals and basic theories on the dielectric behavior of material. It then discusses key issues on the design and preparation of dielectric polymer materials with strong energy storage properties, including their characterization, properties and manipulation. The latest methods, techniques and applications are explained in detail regarding this rapidly developing area. The book will support the work of academic researchers and graduate students, as well as engineers and materials scientists working in industrial research and development. In addition, it will be highly valuable to those directly involved in the fabrication of capacitors in industry, and to researchers across the areas of materials science, polymer science, materials chemistry, and nanomaterials. Focuses on how to design and prepare dielectric polymer materials with strong energy storage properties Includes new techniques for adjusting the properties of dielectric polymer materials Presents a thorough review of the state-of-the-art in the field of dielectric polymer materials, providing valuable insights into potential avenues of development
Author: Haibo Zhang Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1040123988 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 217
Book Description
Due to growing energy demands, the development of high-energy storage density dielectric materials for energy storage capacitors has become a top priority. Dielectric Materials for Capacitive Energy Storage focuses on the research and application of dielectric materials for energy storage capacitors. It provides a detailed summary of dielectric properties and polarization mechanism of dielectric materials and analyzes several international cases based on the latest research progress. • Explains advantages and development potential of dielectric capacitors. • Discusses energy storage principles of dielectric materials as well as effects of polarization and breakdown mechanisms on energy storage performance. • Summarizes achievements and progress of inorganic and organic dielectric materials as well as multidimensional composites. • Details applications and features international case studies. • Offers unique insights into existing issues and forecasts for future research priorities. With its summary and large-scale analysis of the fields related to dielectric energy storage, this book will benefit scholars, researchers, and advanced students in materials, electrical, chemical, and other areas of engineering working on capacitors and energy storage.
Author: Jun-Wei Zha Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527351825 Category : Languages : en Pages : 405
Book Description
Provides a complete overview of the state-of-the-art high temperature polymer dielectrics, with a focus on fundamental background and recent advances.
Author: Xin Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The objective of this research aims at developing dielectric polymers for improved performance in applications of energy storage, electrocaloric cooling, and electro-actuators. In dielectrics for electric energy storage, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, electrical breakdown strength, charge-discharge efficiency (loss at high electric fields), and operation temperature are the key parameters. Compared with inorganic counterpart, dielectric polymers possess low dielectric loss, low cost, and high breakdown strength. Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), the state of art dielectric polymer, possesses high breakdown strength (Eb > 600 MV/m) and low dielectric loss (0.02%).. However, the low dielectric constant (K = 2.2) limits the energy density of BOPP capacitors to 2 J/cm3, since the energy density of capacitors Ue = 1/2 K[epsilon]0E2, where [epsilon]0 is the vacuum permittivity. The low working temperature ( 80 oC) of BOPP capacitors also limits their applications and often requires additional cooling loops to maintain safe operation. Hence, recent efforts on new high-performance dielectric polymers focus on high glass transition temperature polymers (Tg 200 oC), for example, how to improve the performance of polyimide (PI) and polyetherimide (PEI). Polymer nanocomposites have been investigated for decades in raising K and Ue. However, the traditional approach of adding high dielectric constant (K 1000) inorganic nanomaterials, which usually needs the fillers to be 15 vol%, has achieved limited success. The large dielectric contrast between the nanofillers and polymer matrix results in intensification of local electric fields in the polymer matrix, leading to a large reduction of the dielectric breakdown strength in polymer composites with high-volume loading of nanofillers. In recent years, Zhang's group discovered and developed a class of dilute nanocomposites. For example, it has been shown that in polyetherimide (PEI) (K~3.2), very low volume loading ( 0.5 vol%) of nanofillers can lead to more than 50% increase in the dielectric constant K while retaining the high breakdown strength and low dielectric loss. The enhancement of dielectric constant does not depend on the dielectric constant of the fillers, but depends on the geometry size of the fillers, which suggests a strong interfacial effect. In this thesis, I will present the in-depth study on the change of polymer morphologies in the presence of ultra-low nanoparticles. The studies will focus on 1) the influence of nanoparticle surface, 2) solvents induced change of polymer morphologies, and 3) in-situ structural analysis of polymer matrix around nanoparticle surface. The thesis also studied the topological effect of nanofillers in the dilute nanocomposites. The results show that 1-D nanofillers (nanorods) at ultralow volume loading ( 1 vol%) generate larger dielectric enhancement of the dielectric response of PEI (from 3.2 to 6.1), compared with 0-D nanofillers (nanoparticles). Different from a spherical shell interface nano-topology of 0-D nanofillers, the cylindrical shell nanostructures generated by 1-D nanofillers are much more efficient in raising the dipolar response in terms of extending the high K in the interfacial region and reducing the influence of low K polymer regions. One driving force for the dielectric enhancement in the dilute nanocomposites is the increased local free-volumes. In this thesis, the approach of polymer blending will also be used control and tailor the free-volumes in high Tg polymers. It was observed that the chain packing in the blends can be tuned by the electrostatic interactions between polymer chains. Consequently, by properly matching the two polymers in the blends, one can achieve enhanced breakdown strength or enhanced dielectric constant. PVDF based ferroelectric polymers have been used for electromechanical (EM) energy conversion applications. On the other hand, there is a great need to improve the EM performance of ferroelectric polymers (due to their low EM performance compared with the inorganic counterpart). This thesis studied "defect modifications" of the relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymers and show that small amount of FA (fluorinated alkynes) units ( 2 mol%) in the relaxor polymers can effectively suppress the polarizations which do not contribute much to the EM response while enhancing the polarizations which have a strong EM coupling. As a result, the FA modified terpolymers exhibit marked enhancement of EM responses at low electric fields (
Author: Xin Zhou Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
The increased energy levels and continued demands for miniaturization of many devices such as hybrid electric vehicles, pulsed power systems, and switched-mode power supplies call for advanced polymer film capacitors with a high energy density (HED) [1], which cannot be met in current low dielectric constant (3.2) polymers(energy density ~ 2 J/cm^3) [2]. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) features a high dielectric constant (12) [3], and has the potential to reach a high energy density. This dissertation introduces general considerations leading to and the results of ultra-high energy density ( 25 J/cm^3) in PVDF-based copolymers P(VDF-HFP)(HFP: hexafluoropropylene) 95.5/4.5 mol% and P(VDF-CTFE) (CTFE: chlorotrifuoroethylene) 91/9 mol% [4], [5], which represents an order of magnitude improvement of the energy density over currently used polymers. In addition, this dissertation is devoted to developing a fundamental understanding of several newly observed phenomena in these HED polymers, which are not present in the currently low dielectric constant polymers. In polymer film capacitors, high fields have been used to realize high energy density. Therefore, the emphasis is paid to understand the response behaviors of these HED polymer dielectrics at high fields, particularly the losses and the breakdown mechanism. Based on these investigations and fundamental understandings, different approaches are introduced to further improve performance of these HED polymers. This dissertation demonstrates that in these HED fluoropolymer films the losses increase rapidly with applied electric fields. Immediately beyond the weak field, the losses can be caused by the ferroelectric domain wall type motions, similar to those in magnetic materials as described by Rayleigh's law [6]. On the other hand, a complex notation has been extensively used to describe the dielectric behavior [7]. In this dissertation, we extend this complex notation to the non-linear region to include the losses [8]. As the field increases further (> 100 MV/m), the loss due to the ferroelectric switching dominates. At very high fields (> 250 MV/m), it is the conduction loss that dominates. Even for state-of-the-art capacitor films that are widely regarded as "linear" dielectrics, the conduction loss can become higher at high fields due to a non-linear increase in the conduction [9]. In PVDF-based polymers, it is well known that polymer modifications and processing conditions can significantly influence the ferroelectric loss [10]. Therefore, two approaches were investigated to reduce the ferroelectric switching loss: (1) the irradiation method [11] to destabilize the polar conformation and correspondingly reduce the ferroelectric loss and (2) the biaxial stretching method. The film processing study revealed that the orientation of polymer chains parallel to the film surface improves the breakdown strength and reduces the conduction loss in PVDF-based polymers, while a random orientation of polymer chains along the film surface is desired to reduce the ferroelectric loss. In order to reduce the conduction loss, we take the general approach to employ a blocking layer which possesses a higher resistivity compared to the original film [12]. However, for these HED polymers, the blocking layer should also meet the requirements: (1) a dielectric constant closer to the original film (~ 13) to maintain a high energy density and (2) a low temperature fabrication because of the low melting temperature (~ 160 oC) of PVDF-based polymers. Hence, insulating polymers of low dielectric constants (3.2) cannot meet the first requirement and will significantly reduce the energy density. On the other hand, ceramics can meet the first requirement. However, their high temperature fabrication process ( 300 oC) [13] is not compatible with PVDF-based polymers. In this study, we demonstrated that very high resistivity with a dielectric constant of ~ 7 can be obtained with Si3N4 deposited at 100 oC and that the conduction loss of the resulting bilayered films can be much less than a single layer of PVDF-based copolymers. In the study of the electrical breakdown in these HED capacitor films, it was observed that although the temperature dependence of the breakdown strength in the P(VDF-HFP) 95.5/4.5 mol% films is consistent with the electromechanical (EM) breakdown [14], the widely accepted EM breakdown model of Stark-Garton significantly overestimates the breakdown strength. We show that this discrepancy lies in the fact that the Stark-Garton model fails to capture the mechanical properties of the polymers that experience a plastic deformation. Furthermore, we introduce a more general power law relation to characterize the elastic-plastic deformation of polymers. This newly developed model agrees well with the experimental data [15], and should be applicable to any polymer dielectrics in their electromechanical breakdown because of the universal validity of this model to describe the mechanical behavior of polymer dielectrics.
Author: Hari Singh Nalwa Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080533531 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 562
Book Description
Recent developments in microelectronics technologies have created a great demand for interlayer dielectric materials with a very low dielectric constant. They will play a crucial role in the future generation of IC devices (VLSI/UISI and high speed IC packaging). Considerable efforts have been made to develop new low as well as high dielectric constant materials for applications in electronics industries. Besides achieving either low or high dielectric constants, other materials' properties such as good processability, high mechanical strength, high thermal and environmental stability, low thermal expansion, low current leakage, low moisture absorption, corrosion resistant, etc., are of equal importance. Many chemical and physical strategies have been employed to get desired dielectric materials with high performance. This is a rapidly growing field of science--both in novel materials and their applications to future packing technologies. The experimental data on inorganic and organic materials having low or high dielectric constant remail scattered in the literature. It is timely, therfore, to consolidate the current knowledge on low and high dielectric constant materials into a sigle reference source. Handbook of Low and High Dielectric Constant Materials and Their Applications is aimed at bringing together under a sigle cover (in two volumes) all low and high dielectric constant materials currently studied in academic and industrial research covering all spects of inorgani an organic materials from their synthetic chemistry, processing techniques, physics, structure-property relationship to applications in IC devices. This book will summarize the current status of the field covering important scientific developments made over the past decade with contributions from internationally recognized experts from all over the world. Fully cross-referenced, this book has clear, precise, and wide appeal as an essential reference source for all those interested in low and high dielectric constant material.
Author: Shamima Nasreen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Dielectrics Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Metals is known to play an integral part of human life in its numerous form from the dawn of civilization whether as an everyday mechanistic tool as well as important biological nutrients. They are found in everything around us from power system as wind turbines to medical instrument as diabetes test strips, construction materials to transportation development, and needless to say in our essential everyday electronic equipment. To imagine life without electricity, road without cars and medical care without many of today's medical devices are impossible. The uses of metals and derivative of metals become the utmost necessity beyond replacement. The development of metal containing materials specially for energy harvesting is currently on top most priority. They play a crucial role in electrical energy storage devices in all forms of modern electronics. Many devices such as capacitors, supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, photovoltaics uses dielectric materials which requires high energy density without sacrificing core electrical features as energy loss, efficiency, power density. It is simultaneously important, on the contrary challenging to develop new materials to overcome the drawbacks and fulfill the goal of successful material discovery. Many approaches have already been taken to improve the overall performance by increasing dielectric constant and breakdown field or energy band gap through the use of materials such as polymer nanocomposites, modified ferroelectric polymers, and amorphous organic polar polymers as dielectric. There is always a tread off side to consider one over another. Therefore, it is essential to improve their performance by designing new dielectric materials with careful selection. From here my research focus inches To overcome this comprehensive challenge for discovering fruitful new materials a rational co-design approach was developed in collaboration with multidisciplinary departments. With this approach, high-throughput computational predictions are used to guide experimental synthesis to overcome the cost and time-consuming effort and narrow down the selection for desired candidate. Polymers with improved electrical properties such as high dielectric constant with low loss and high band gap dielectrics can be synthesized and characterized by the incorporation of metals in the backbone of polymers. This unconventional and untapped zone of metal containing organic polymers as dielectric found to show many unexplored structure-property relationship phenomenon and opened up a new door for energy harvesting materials. Utilizing electropositive metal atoms can lead us to understand the polarization mechanism further to expand the material space for next generation dielectrics and give us the hope to expand more spaces from about 91 metals from Periodic Table which ultimately will fulfill the goal of Materials Genome Initiative.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Low energy density in conventional capacitors severely limits efforts to miniaturize power electronics and imposes design limitations on electronics in general. We have successfully applied physical vapor deposition technology to greatly increase capacitor energy density. The high dielectric breakdown strength we have achieved in alumina thin films allows high energy density to be achieved with this moderately low dielectric constant material. The small temperature dependence of the dielectric constant, and the high reliability, high resistivity, and low dielectric loss of Al 2 O 3, make it even more appealing. We have constructed single dielectric layer thin film capacitors and shown that they can be stacked to form multilayered structures with no loss in yield for a given capacitance. Control of film growth morphology is critical for achieving the smooth, high quality interfaces between metal and dielectric necessary for device operation at high electric fields. Most importantly, high rate deposition with extremely low particle generation is essential for achieving high energy storage at a reasonable cost. This has been achieved by reactive magnetron sputtering in which the reaction to form the dielectric oxide has been confined to the deposition surface. By this technique we have achieved a yield of over 50% for 1 cm 2 devices with an energy density of 14 J per cubic centimeter of Al 2 O 3 dielectric material in 1.2 kV, 4 nF devices. By further reducing defect density and increasing the dielectric constant of the material, we will be able to increase capacitance and construct high energy density devices to meet the requirements of applications in power electronics.
Author: Sombel Diaham Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1838800972 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 336
Book Description
Polyimide is one of the most efficient polymers in many industries for its excellent thermal, electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties as well as its easy processability. In the electronic and electrical engineering industries, polyimide has widely been used for decades thanks to its very good dielectric and insulating properties at the high electric field and at high temperatures of around 200°C in long term-service. Moreover, polyimide appears essential for the development of new electronic devices where further considerations such as high power density, integration, higher temperature, thermal conduction management, energy storage, reliability, or flexibility are required in order to sustain the growing global electrical energy consumption. This book gathers interdisciplinary chapters on polyimide in various topics through state-of-the-art and original ongoing research.
Author: Shan Wu
Author: Shan Wu
Author: Zhi-Min Dang
Author: Haibo Zhang
Author: Jun-Wei Zha
Author: Xin Chen
Author: Xin Zhou
Author: Hari Singh Nalwa
Author: Shamima Nasreen
Author: 
Author: Sombel Diaham