Heterozygous Deletion of the FoxO1 Forkhead Transcription Factor Confers Protection Against High Fat Diet-induced Insulin Resistance PDF Download

Author: Hayley Baines
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21

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Book Description
Objective: Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors represent evolutionarily conserved targets of insulin signaling, regulating metabolism and cellular differentiation in response to changes in nutrient availability. Although the FoxO1 isoform is known to play a key role in adipogenesis, its physiologic role in differentiated adipose tissue remains unclear. Research design and methods: In this study, we analyze the phenotype of FoxO1 haploinsufficient mice to investigate the role of FoxO1 in high fat-diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue metabolism. Specific assays include glucose and insulin tolerance tests, western blots, quantitative PCR, histologic analysis, and measurement of serum cytokines. Results: We show that reduced FoxO1 expression protects mice against obesity-related insulin resistance with increased PPAR[gamma] gene expression in adipose tissue and enhanced expression of known PPAR[gamma] target genes. Moreover, treatment of mice with the PPAR[gamma] agonist rosiglitazone improves in vivo insulin sensitivity in FoxO1 haploinsufficient animals, with reductions in circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: These findings indicate that FoxO1 negatively regulates insulin action, and that this effect may be explained, at least in part, by inhibition of PPAR[gamma] activity.

Author: Sangdun Choi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781493968008
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 6330

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Book Description
The second edition of this encyclopedia presents over 400 biologically important signaling molecules and the content is built on the core concepts of their functions along with early findings written by some of the world’s foremost experts. The molecules are described by recognized leaders in each molecule. The interactions of these single molecules in signal transduction networks will also be explored. This encyclopedia marks a new era in overview of current cellular signaling molecules for the specialist and the interested non-specialist alike. Currently, there are more than 30,000 genes in human genome. However, not all the proteins encoded by these genes work equally in order to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the important signaling molecules as completely as possible will significantly improve our research-based teaching and scientific capabilities.

Author: Alan R. Saltiel
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387722041
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 223

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Book Description
More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. This book attempts to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. It explores insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems.

Author: Douglas B. Evans
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387216006
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 413

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Book Description
The MD Anderson Solid Tumor Oncology series presents cutting-edge surgical treatment and medical therapy for specific sites. This volume, Pancreatic Cancer, addresses epidemiology and molecular biology, inherited syndromes, staging, surgical techniques, multimodality therapy, and emerging therapies. The individual chapters focus on narrow, specific topics to produce a reference work of value to those interested in pancreatic cancer from a clinical and translational research perspective. A must-have for surgical oncologists and general surgeons.

Author: James M. Ntambi
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128194057
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 566

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Book Description
Lipid Signaling and Metabolism provides foundational knowledge and methods to examine lipid metabolism and bioactive lipid signaling mediators that regulate a broad spectrum of biological processes and disease states. Here, world-renowned investigators offer a basic examination of general lipid, metabolism, intracellular lipid storage and utilization that is followed by an in-depth discussion of lipid signaling and metabolism across disease areas, including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mood-related disorders. Throughout, authors demonstrate how expanding our understanding of lipid mediators in metabolism and signaling enables opportunities for novel therapeutics. Emphasis is placed on bioactive lipid metabolism and research that has been impacted by new technologies and their new potential to transform precision medicine. Provides a clear, up-to-date understanding of lipid signaling and metabolism and the impact of recent technologies critical to advancing new studies Empowers researchers to examine bioactive lipid signaling and metabolism, supporting translation to clinical care and precision medicine Discusses the role of lipid signaling and metabolism in obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mood-related disorders, among others

Author: Mira Siderova
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789239710
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 166

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Book Description
The emergence of type 2 diabetes as a global pandemic is one of the major challenges to health care in the 21st century. This book contains chapters covering the newest scientific concepts in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and the complications and approaches in diagnosis and glycemic control. Part of the book is dedicated to the effect of diabetes on the mental functions and treatment strategies to prevent cognitive decline. Glucose monitoring, using cutting-edge technologies, is outlined, as well as the role of health information technologies in diabetes management. Updates on glucose lowering therapy are presented, and the new emerging class of SGLT2 inhibitors is discussed in detail. The purpose of this book is to disseminate knowledge on type 2 diabetes and to contribute to the professional development of physicians, internists, endocrinologists, medical students, and research scientists in diabetes.

Author: Masamitsu Yamaguchi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811305293
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 314

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Book Description
Most biological pathways, physical and neurological properties are highly conserved between humans and Drosophila and nearly 75% of human disease-causing genes have a functional homologue in Drosophila. This volume provides recent advances in Drosophila models for various human diseases, with each chapter providing a review of studies involving Drosophila models, as well as detailed protocols commonly used in laboratories. Starting with a review of Drosophila’s value as a highly tractable model organism for studying human diseases, subsequent chapters present Drosophila models for specific human diseases. The book provides a useful resource for all scientists who are starting to use the Drosophila model in their studies, and for researchers working in the pharmaceutical industry and using new screening models to develop new medicines for various diseases.

Author: Carmel Mothersill
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402063334
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 483

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Book Description
Ecotoxiclogical risk from multiple stressors covers any situation where org- isms are exposed to a combination of environmental stressors. These include physical and chemical pollutants as well as other stressors such as parasites and environmental impact (e. g. , climate change or habitat loss). The combi- tion of stressors can result in increased risk to organisms (either additive or synergistic effects) or decreased effects (protective or antagonistic effects). The multiple stressor challenge is an international, multi-disciplinary problem requiring an international, multi-disciplinary approach. The c- rent approach to multiple stressors is to examine one stressor at a time and assume additivity. Little work has been done on combinations of stressors such that potential interactions can be determined. The problem is very complex. Multiple stressors pose a whole spectrum of challenges that range from basic science to regulation, policy and gove- ance. The challenges raise fundamental questions about our understanding of the basic biological response to stressors, as well as the implications of those uncertainties in environmental risk assessment and management. In addition to the great breadth, there is also great depth in the research ch- lenges, largely due to the complexity of the issues. From a basic science point of view, many of the mechanisms and processes under investigation are at the cutting edge of science — involving new paradigms such as genomic ins- bility and bystander effects.

Author: Domenico Accili
Publisher: Wiley-Liss
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 278

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Book Description
Our ability to manipulate the genome of living organisms for the elucidation of gene function in vivo has improved dramatically over the last decade. Genetic Manipulation of Receptor Expression and Function provides a comprehensive review of the principles and applications for genetic manipulation of receptor expression and function. By providing the necessary conceptual framework of transgenic and knockout technologies, Genetic Manipulation of Receptor Expression and Function offers a concise and easily accessible analysis for researchers. The material reviews the numerous advances in the field of transgenic technology allowing researchers to alter expression and function in the mouse genome. This volume also: * Provides a roadmap to transgenic and knockout methodology * Includes a detailed explanation of the differences between embryonic stem cells and fertilized zygotes * Clarifies the use of a DNA construct to make a transgenic mouse and a targeting vector for a knockout * Reviews the considerable progress in receptor research * Covers rapidly changing aspects in transgenic mouse technology (such as the generation of transgenic mice using large DNA fragments, the role of modifier genes, the importance of behavioral testing in analyzing disease phenotypes, and the growing role of antisense techniques in studies of gene function) Receptor biochemists, neuroscientists, molecular biologists, cell biologists, and molecular geneticists will find Genetic Manipulation of Receptor Expression and Function a useful guide.

Author: Felipe Sierra
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319232460
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 637

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Book Description
This book provides the first comprehensive overview of a new scientific discipline termed Geroscience. Geroscience examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that might explain why aging is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases affecting the elderly population. Over the past few decades, researchers have made impressive progress in understanding the genetics, biology and physiology of aging. This book presents vital research that can help readers to better understand how aging is a critical malleable risk factor in most chronic diseases, which, in turn, could lead to interventions that can help increase a healthy lifespan, or ‘healthspan.’ The book begins with an analysis of the Geroscience hypothesis, as well as the epidemiological underpinnings that define aging as a candidate main risk factor for most chronic diseases. Next, each chapter focuses on one particular disease, or group of diseases, with an emphasis on how basic molecular and cellular biology might explain why aging is a major risk factor for it. Coverage in the book includes: cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementias, stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s diseases, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes asthma, emphysema, kidney disease, vision impairment, and AIDS/HIV. It finishes with a chapter on pain in the elderly and an overview of future steps needed to bring the newly acquired knowledge into the clinic and the public at large.