Author: Michael A. Diefenbach
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493934864
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 370
Book Description
This comprehensive reference delves into the complex process of medical decision making—both the nuts-and-bolts access and insurance issues that guide choices and the cognitive and affective factors that can make patients decide against their best interests. Wide-ranging coverage offers a robust evidence base for understanding decision making across the lifespan, among family members, in the context of evolving healthcare systems, and in the face of life-changing diagnosis. The section on applied decision making reviews the effectiveness of decision-making tools in healthcare, featuring real-world examples and guidelines for tailored communications with patients. Throughout, contributors spotlight the practical importance of the field and the pressing need to strengthen health decision-making skills on both sides of the clinician/client dyad. Among the Handbook’s topics: From laboratory to clinic and back: connecting neuroeconomic and clinical mea sures of decision-making dysfunctions. Strategies to promote the maintenance of behavior change: moving from theoretical principles to practices. Shared decision making and the patient-provider relationship. Overcoming the many pitfalls of communicating risk. Evidence-based medicine and decision-making policy. The internet, social media, and health decision making. The Handbook of Health Decision Science will interest a wide span of professionals, among them health and clinical psychologists, behavioral researchers, health policymakers, and sociologists.
Handbook of Health Decision Science
The Decision Maker's Handbook to Data Science
Author: Stylianos Kampakis
Publisher: Apress
ISBN: 1484254945
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
Data science is expanding across industries at a rapid pace, and the companies first to adopt best practices will gain a significant advantage. To reap the benefits, decision makers need to have a confident understanding of data science and its application in their organization. It is easy for novices to the subject to feel paralyzed by intimidating buzzwords, but what many don’t realize is that data science is in fact quite multidisciplinary—useful in the hands of business analysts, communications strategists, designers, and more. With the second edition of The Decision Maker’s Handbook to Data Science, you will learn how to think like a veteran data scientist and approach solutions to business problems in an entirely new way. Author Stylianos Kampakis provides you with the expertise and tools required to develop a solid data strategy that is continuously effective. Ethics and legal issues surrounding data collection and algorithmic bias are some common pitfalls that Kampakis helps you avoid, while guiding you on the path to build a thriving data science culture at your organization. This updated and revised second edition, includes plenty of case studies, tools for project assessment, and expanded content for hiring and managing data scientists Data science is a language that everyone at a modern company should understand across departments. Friction in communication arises most often when management does not connect with what a data scientist is doing or how impactful data collection and storage can be for their organization. The Decision Maker’s Handbook to Data Science bridges this gap and readies you for both the present and future of your workplace in this engaging, comprehensive guide. What You Will Learn Understand how data science can be used within your business. Recognize the differences between AI, machine learning, and statistics.Become skilled at thinking like a data scientist, without being one.Discover how to hire and manage data scientists.Comprehend how to build the right environment in order to make your organization data-driven. Who This Book Is For Startup founders, product managers, higher level managers, and any other non-technical decision makers who are thinking to implement data science in their organization and hire data scientists. A secondary audience includes people looking for a soft introduction into the subject of data science.
Publisher: Apress
ISBN: 1484254945
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
Data science is expanding across industries at a rapid pace, and the companies first to adopt best practices will gain a significant advantage. To reap the benefits, decision makers need to have a confident understanding of data science and its application in their organization. It is easy for novices to the subject to feel paralyzed by intimidating buzzwords, but what many don’t realize is that data science is in fact quite multidisciplinary—useful in the hands of business analysts, communications strategists, designers, and more. With the second edition of The Decision Maker’s Handbook to Data Science, you will learn how to think like a veteran data scientist and approach solutions to business problems in an entirely new way. Author Stylianos Kampakis provides you with the expertise and tools required to develop a solid data strategy that is continuously effective. Ethics and legal issues surrounding data collection and algorithmic bias are some common pitfalls that Kampakis helps you avoid, while guiding you on the path to build a thriving data science culture at your organization. This updated and revised second edition, includes plenty of case studies, tools for project assessment, and expanded content for hiring and managing data scientists Data science is a language that everyone at a modern company should understand across departments. Friction in communication arises most often when management does not connect with what a data scientist is doing or how impactful data collection and storage can be for their organization. The Decision Maker’s Handbook to Data Science bridges this gap and readies you for both the present and future of your workplace in this engaging, comprehensive guide. What You Will Learn Understand how data science can be used within your business. Recognize the differences between AI, machine learning, and statistics.Become skilled at thinking like a data scientist, without being one.Discover how to hire and manage data scientists.Comprehend how to build the right environment in order to make your organization data-driven. Who This Book Is For Startup founders, product managers, higher level managers, and any other non-technical decision makers who are thinking to implement data science in their organization and hire data scientists. A secondary audience includes people looking for a soft introduction into the subject of data science.
Handbook of Decision Analysis
Author: Gregory S. Parnell
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118515846
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 441
Book Description
A ONE-OF-A-KIND GUIDE TO THE BEST PRACTICES IN DECISION ANALYSIS Decision analysis provides powerful tools for addressing complex decisions that involve uncertainty and multiple objectives, yet most training materials on the subject overlook the soft skills that are essential for success in the field. This unique resource fills this gap in the decision analysis literature and features both soft personal/interpersonal skills and the hard technical skills involving mathematics and modeling. Readers will learn how to identify and overcome the numerous challenges of decision making, choose the appropriate decision process, lead and manage teams, and create value for their organization. Performing modeling analysis, assessing risk, and implementing decisions are also addressed throughout. Additional features include: Key insights gleaned from decision analysis applications and behavioral decision analysis research Integrated coverage of the techniques of single- and multiple-objective decision analysis Multiple qualitative and quantitative techniques presented for each key decision analysis task Three substantive real-world case studies illustrating diverse strategies for dealing with the challenges of decision making Extensive references for mathematical proofs and advanced topics The Handbook of Decision Analysis is an essential reference for academics and practitioners in various fields including business, operations research, engineering, and science. The book also serves as a supplement for courses at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118515846
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 441
Book Description
A ONE-OF-A-KIND GUIDE TO THE BEST PRACTICES IN DECISION ANALYSIS Decision analysis provides powerful tools for addressing complex decisions that involve uncertainty and multiple objectives, yet most training materials on the subject overlook the soft skills that are essential for success in the field. This unique resource fills this gap in the decision analysis literature and features both soft personal/interpersonal skills and the hard technical skills involving mathematics and modeling. Readers will learn how to identify and overcome the numerous challenges of decision making, choose the appropriate decision process, lead and manage teams, and create value for their organization. Performing modeling analysis, assessing risk, and implementing decisions are also addressed throughout. Additional features include: Key insights gleaned from decision analysis applications and behavioral decision analysis research Integrated coverage of the techniques of single- and multiple-objective decision analysis Multiple qualitative and quantitative techniques presented for each key decision analysis task Three substantive real-world case studies illustrating diverse strategies for dealing with the challenges of decision making Extensive references for mathematical proofs and advanced topics The Handbook of Decision Analysis is an essential reference for academics and practitioners in various fields including business, operations research, engineering, and science. The book also serves as a supplement for courses at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels.
Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making
Author: Derek J. Koehler
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470752912
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 680
Book Description
The Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making is a state-of-the art overview of current topics and research in the study of how people make evaluations, draw inferences, and make decisions under conditions of uncertainty and conflict. Contains contributions by experts from various disciplines that reflect current trends and controversies on judgment and decision making. Provides a glimpse at the many approaches that have been taken in the study of judgment and decision making and portrays the major findings in the field. Presents examinations of the broader roles of social, emotional, and cultural influences on decision making. Explores applications of judgment and decision making research to important problems in a variety of professional contexts, including finance, accounting, medicine, public policy, and the law.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470752912
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 680
Book Description
The Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making is a state-of-the art overview of current topics and research in the study of how people make evaluations, draw inferences, and make decisions under conditions of uncertainty and conflict. Contains contributions by experts from various disciplines that reflect current trends and controversies on judgment and decision making. Provides a glimpse at the many approaches that have been taken in the study of judgment and decision making and portrays the major findings in the field. Presents examinations of the broader roles of social, emotional, and cultural influences on decision making. Explores applications of judgment and decision making research to important problems in a variety of professional contexts, including finance, accounting, medicine, public policy, and the law.
Handbook of Research on Applied Intelligence for Health and Clinical Informatics
Author: Thakare, Anuradha Dheeraj
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799877108
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 470
Book Description
Currently, informatics within the field of public health is a developing and growing industry. Clinical informatics are used in direct patient care by supplying medical practitioners with information that can be used to develop a care plan. Intelligent applications in clinical informatics facilitates with the technology-based solutions to analyze data or medical images and help clinicians to retrieve that information. Decision models aid with making complex decisions especially in uncertain situations. The Handbook of Research on Applied Intelligence for Health and Clinical Informatics is a comprehensive reference book that focuses on the study of resources and methods for the management of healthcare infrastructure and information. This book provides insights on how applied intelligence with deep learning, experiential learning, and more will impact healthcare and clinical information processing. The content explores the representation, processing, and communication of clinical information in natural and engineered systems. This book covers a range of topics including applied intelligence, medical imaging, telehealth, and decision support systems, and also looks at technologies and tools used in the detection and diagnosis of medical conditions such as cancers, diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, and prenatal syndromes. It is an essential reference source for diagnosticians, medical professionals, imaging specialists, data specialists, IT consultants, medical technologists, academicians, researchers, industrial experts, scientists, and students.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799877108
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 470
Book Description
Currently, informatics within the field of public health is a developing and growing industry. Clinical informatics are used in direct patient care by supplying medical practitioners with information that can be used to develop a care plan. Intelligent applications in clinical informatics facilitates with the technology-based solutions to analyze data or medical images and help clinicians to retrieve that information. Decision models aid with making complex decisions especially in uncertain situations. The Handbook of Research on Applied Intelligence for Health and Clinical Informatics is a comprehensive reference book that focuses on the study of resources and methods for the management of healthcare infrastructure and information. This book provides insights on how applied intelligence with deep learning, experiential learning, and more will impact healthcare and clinical information processing. The content explores the representation, processing, and communication of clinical information in natural and engineered systems. This book covers a range of topics including applied intelligence, medical imaging, telehealth, and decision support systems, and also looks at technologies and tools used in the detection and diagnosis of medical conditions such as cancers, diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, and prenatal syndromes. It is an essential reference source for diagnosticians, medical professionals, imaging specialists, data specialists, IT consultants, medical technologists, academicians, researchers, industrial experts, scientists, and students.
Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making
Author: Leonard C. MacLean
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814417351
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 941
Book Description
This handbook in two parts covers key topics of the theory of financial decision making. Some of the papers discuss real applications or case studies as well. There are a number of new papers that have never been published before especially in Part II.Part I is concerned with Decision Making Under Uncertainty. This includes subsections on Arbitrage, Utility Theory, Risk Aversion and Static Portfolio Theory, and Stochastic Dominance. Part II is concerned with Dynamic Modeling that is the transition for static decision making to multiperiod decision making. The analysis starts with Risk Measures and then discusses Dynamic Portfolio Theory, Tactical Asset Allocation and Asset-Liability Management Using Utility and Goal Based Consumption-Investment Decision Models.A comprehensive set of problems both computational and review and mind expanding with many unsolved problems are in an accompanying problems book. The handbook plus the book of problems form a very strong set of materials for PhD and Masters courses both as the main or as supplementary text in finance theory, financial decision making and portfolio theory. For researchers, it is a valuable resource being an up to date treatment of topics in the classic books on these topics by Johnathan Ingersoll in 1988, and William Ziemba and Raymond Vickson in 1975 (updated 2 nd edition published in 2006).
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814417351
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 941
Book Description
This handbook in two parts covers key topics of the theory of financial decision making. Some of the papers discuss real applications or case studies as well. There are a number of new papers that have never been published before especially in Part II.Part I is concerned with Decision Making Under Uncertainty. This includes subsections on Arbitrage, Utility Theory, Risk Aversion and Static Portfolio Theory, and Stochastic Dominance. Part II is concerned with Dynamic Modeling that is the transition for static decision making to multiperiod decision making. The analysis starts with Risk Measures and then discusses Dynamic Portfolio Theory, Tactical Asset Allocation and Asset-Liability Management Using Utility and Goal Based Consumption-Investment Decision Models.A comprehensive set of problems both computational and review and mind expanding with many unsolved problems are in an accompanying problems book. The handbook plus the book of problems form a very strong set of materials for PhD and Masters courses both as the main or as supplementary text in finance theory, financial decision making and portfolio theory. For researchers, it is a valuable resource being an up to date treatment of topics in the classic books on these topics by Johnathan Ingersoll in 1988, and William Ziemba and Raymond Vickson in 1975 (updated 2 nd edition published in 2006).
Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation
Author: Andrew Briggs
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191004952
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of the appropriate representation of uncertainty in the evaluative process and the implication this uncertainty has for decision making and the need for future research. This highly practical guide takes the reader through the key principles and approaches of modelling techniques. It begins with the basics of constructing different forms of the model, the population of the model with input parameter estimates, analysis of the results, and progression to the holistic view of models as a valuable tool for informing future research exercises. Case studies and exercises are supported with online templates and solutions. This book will help analysts understand the contribution of decision-analytic modelling to the evaluation of health care programmes. ABOUT THE SERIES: Economic evaluation of health interventions is a growing specialist field, and this series of practical handbooks will tackle, in-depth, topics superficially addressed in more general health economics books. Each volume will include illustrative material, case histories and worked examples to encourage the reader to apply the methods discussed, with supporting material provided online. This series is aimed at health economists in academia, the pharmaceutical industry and the health sector, those on advanced health economics courses, and health researchers in associated fields.
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191004952
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of the appropriate representation of uncertainty in the evaluative process and the implication this uncertainty has for decision making and the need for future research. This highly practical guide takes the reader through the key principles and approaches of modelling techniques. It begins with the basics of constructing different forms of the model, the population of the model with input parameter estimates, analysis of the results, and progression to the holistic view of models as a valuable tool for informing future research exercises. Case studies and exercises are supported with online templates and solutions. This book will help analysts understand the contribution of decision-analytic modelling to the evaluation of health care programmes. ABOUT THE SERIES: Economic evaluation of health interventions is a growing specialist field, and this series of practical handbooks will tackle, in-depth, topics superficially addressed in more general health economics books. Each volume will include illustrative material, case histories and worked examples to encourage the reader to apply the methods discussed, with supporting material provided online. This series is aimed at health economists in academia, the pharmaceutical industry and the health sector, those on advanced health economics courses, and health researchers in associated fields.
Handbook of Research on Engineering, Business, and Healthcare Applications of Data Science and Analytics
Author: Patil, Bhushan
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799830543
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 583
Book Description
Analyzing data sets has continued to be an invaluable application for numerous industries. By combining different algorithms, technologies, and systems used to extract information from data and solve complex problems, various sectors have reached new heights and have changed our world for the better. The Handbook of Research on Engineering, Business, and Healthcare Applications of Data Science and Analytics is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of data analytics. While highlighting topics including artificial intelligence, data security, and information systems, this book is ideally designed for researchers, data analysts, data scientists, healthcare administrators, executives, managers, engineers, IT consultants, academicians, and students interested in the potential of data application technologies.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799830543
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 583
Book Description
Analyzing data sets has continued to be an invaluable application for numerous industries. By combining different algorithms, technologies, and systems used to extract information from data and solve complex problems, various sectors have reached new heights and have changed our world for the better. The Handbook of Research on Engineering, Business, and Healthcare Applications of Data Science and Analytics is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of data analytics. While highlighting topics including artificial intelligence, data security, and information systems, this book is ideally designed for researchers, data analysts, data scientists, healthcare administrators, executives, managers, engineers, IT consultants, academicians, and students interested in the potential of data application technologies.
Handbook of Healthcare Analytics
Author: Tinglong Dai
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119300940
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 482
Book Description
How can analytics scholars and healthcare professionals access the most exciting and important healthcare topics and tools for the 21st century? Editors Tinglong Dai and Sridhar Tayur, aided by a team of internationally acclaimed experts, have curated this timely volume to help newcomers and seasoned researchers alike to rapidly comprehend a diverse set of thrusts and tools in this rapidly growing cross-disciplinary field. The Handbook covers a wide range of macro-, meso- and micro-level thrusts—such as market design, competing interests, global health, personalized medicine, residential care and concierge medicine, among others—and structures what has been a highly fragmented research area into a coherent scientific discipline. The handbook also provides an easy-to-comprehend introduction to five essential research tools—Markov decision process, game theory and information economics, queueing games, econometric methods, and data science—by illustrating their uses and applicability on examples from diverse healthcare settings, thus connecting tools with thrusts. The primary audience of the Handbook includes analytics scholars interested in healthcare and healthcare practitioners interested in analytics. This Handbook: Instills analytics scholars with a way of thinking that incorporates behavioral, incentive, and policy considerations in various healthcare settings. This change in perspective—a shift in gaze away from narrow, local and one-off operational improvement efforts that do not replicate, scale or remain sustainable—can lead to new knowledge and innovative solutions that healthcare has been seeking so desperately. Facilitates collaboration between healthcare experts and analytics scholar to frame and tackle their pressing concerns through appropriate modern mathematical tools designed for this very purpose. The handbook is designed to be accessible to the independent reader, and it may be used in a variety of settings, from a short lecture series on specific topics to a semester-long course.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119300940
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 482
Book Description
How can analytics scholars and healthcare professionals access the most exciting and important healthcare topics and tools for the 21st century? Editors Tinglong Dai and Sridhar Tayur, aided by a team of internationally acclaimed experts, have curated this timely volume to help newcomers and seasoned researchers alike to rapidly comprehend a diverse set of thrusts and tools in this rapidly growing cross-disciplinary field. The Handbook covers a wide range of macro-, meso- and micro-level thrusts—such as market design, competing interests, global health, personalized medicine, residential care and concierge medicine, among others—and structures what has been a highly fragmented research area into a coherent scientific discipline. The handbook also provides an easy-to-comprehend introduction to five essential research tools—Markov decision process, game theory and information economics, queueing games, econometric methods, and data science—by illustrating their uses and applicability on examples from diverse healthcare settings, thus connecting tools with thrusts. The primary audience of the Handbook includes analytics scholars interested in healthcare and healthcare practitioners interested in analytics. This Handbook: Instills analytics scholars with a way of thinking that incorporates behavioral, incentive, and policy considerations in various healthcare settings. This change in perspective—a shift in gaze away from narrow, local and one-off operational improvement efforts that do not replicate, scale or remain sustainable—can lead to new knowledge and innovative solutions that healthcare has been seeking so desperately. Facilitates collaboration between healthcare experts and analytics scholar to frame and tackle their pressing concerns through appropriate modern mathematical tools designed for this very purpose. The handbook is designed to be accessible to the independent reader, and it may be used in a variety of settings, from a short lecture series on specific topics to a semester-long course.
Computational Statistics in Data Science
Author: Richard A. Levine
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119561086
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 672
Book Description
Ein unverzichtbarer Leitfaden bei der Anwendung computergestützter Statistik in der modernen Datenwissenschaft In Computational Statistics in Data Science präsentiert ein Team aus bekannten Mathematikern und Statistikern eine fundierte Zusammenstellung von Konzepten, Theorien, Techniken und Praktiken der computergestützten Statistik für ein Publikum, das auf der Suche nach einem einzigen, umfassenden Referenzwerk für Statistik in der modernen Datenwissenschaft ist. Das Buch enthält etliche Kapitel zu den wesentlichen konkreten Bereichen der computergestützten Statistik, in denen modernste Techniken zeitgemäß und verständlich dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus bietet Computational Statistics in Data Science einen kostenlosen Zugang zu den fertigen Einträgen im Online-Nachschlagewerk Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. Außerdem erhalten die Leserinnen und Leser: * Eine gründliche Einführung in die computergestützte Statistik mit relevanten und verständlichen Informationen für Anwender und Forscher in verschiedenen datenintensiven Bereichen * Umfassende Erläuterungen zu aktuellen Themen in der Statistik, darunter Big Data, Datenstromverarbeitung, quantitative Visualisierung und Deep Learning Das Werk eignet sich perfekt für Forscher und Wissenschaftler sämtlicher Fachbereiche, die Techniken der computergestützten Statistik auf einem gehobenen oder fortgeschrittenen Niveau anwenden müssen. Zudem gehört Computational Statistics in Data Science in das Bücherregal von Wissenschaftlern, die sich mit der Erforschung und Entwicklung von Techniken der computergestützten Statistik und statistischen Grafiken beschäftigen.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119561086
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 672
Book Description
Ein unverzichtbarer Leitfaden bei der Anwendung computergestützter Statistik in der modernen Datenwissenschaft In Computational Statistics in Data Science präsentiert ein Team aus bekannten Mathematikern und Statistikern eine fundierte Zusammenstellung von Konzepten, Theorien, Techniken und Praktiken der computergestützten Statistik für ein Publikum, das auf der Suche nach einem einzigen, umfassenden Referenzwerk für Statistik in der modernen Datenwissenschaft ist. Das Buch enthält etliche Kapitel zu den wesentlichen konkreten Bereichen der computergestützten Statistik, in denen modernste Techniken zeitgemäß und verständlich dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus bietet Computational Statistics in Data Science einen kostenlosen Zugang zu den fertigen Einträgen im Online-Nachschlagewerk Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. Außerdem erhalten die Leserinnen und Leser: * Eine gründliche Einführung in die computergestützte Statistik mit relevanten und verständlichen Informationen für Anwender und Forscher in verschiedenen datenintensiven Bereichen * Umfassende Erläuterungen zu aktuellen Themen in der Statistik, darunter Big Data, Datenstromverarbeitung, quantitative Visualisierung und Deep Learning Das Werk eignet sich perfekt für Forscher und Wissenschaftler sämtlicher Fachbereiche, die Techniken der computergestützten Statistik auf einem gehobenen oder fortgeschrittenen Niveau anwenden müssen. Zudem gehört Computational Statistics in Data Science in das Bücherregal von Wissenschaftlern, die sich mit der Erforschung und Entwicklung von Techniken der computergestützten Statistik und statistischen Grafiken beschäftigen.