Author: James F. Keenan
Publisher: Orbis Books
ISBN: 1608330702
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 589
Book Description
An international meeting in Trento in July 2010 brought together some 500 theological ethicists from nearly 75 countries. This volume represents the "state of the art" in mural theology from around the globe, with contributors from North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Divided into three main parts (the past, the present, and the future), contributors include John W. O'Malley (foreword); Monsignor Luigi Bressan, Archbishop of Trento; James F. Keenan; Archbishop Bruno Forte; Mercy Amba Oduyoye (Ghana); Ahmad Syafii Ma'arif, Ma'arif Institut (Indonesia), Paolo Prodi (Italy), Laurenti Magesa (Kenya), Regina Ammicht-Quinn Germany, Alberto Bondolfi (Switzerland), Diego Alonso-Lasheras (Italy), Roger Burggraeve (Belgium), Anne Nasimiyu (Kenya), Bryan Massingale (US), Antonio Moser (Brazil). ric Gaziaux (Belgium), Margaret Farley (US), Benezet Bujo (Switzerland), Brian Johnstone (US), Miguel ngel S nchez Carlos (Mexico), David Kaulem (Zimbabwe), Leo Pessini (Brazil), Pushpa Joseph (India), Margaret Ogala (Kenya), Julie Hanlon Rubio (US), Aloysius Cartagenas (Philippines), Christa Schnabl (Austria), Simone Morandini (Italy), Myroslav Marynovych (Ukraine), Peter Henriot (Zambia), Cardinal Reinhard Marx, Archbishop of Munich-Freising (Germany), Julie Clague (Scotland), Shaji George Kochuthara (India), and Mar a Teresa D vila (US).
Catholic Theological Ethics, Past, Present, and Future
Introducción a la ética cristiana AETH
Author: Ismael Garcia
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1426765630
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 239
Book Description
El estudio de la ética no solamente nos lleva a entender mejor las complejas situaciones que hoy día enfrentamos, también nos ayuda a discernir lo que subyace tras nuestras decisiones. La ética nos ayuda a descubrir, aclarar, afirmar, cambiar, reformar o trasformar valores y fines que motiva nuestra conducta.Este libro nos proveerá con las herramientas teóricas necesarias para conocer, describir y analizar los retos ético/morales que hoy día enfrentamos los cristianos.
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1426765630
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 239
Book Description
El estudio de la ética no solamente nos lleva a entender mejor las complejas situaciones que hoy día enfrentamos, también nos ayuda a discernir lo que subyace tras nuestras decisiones. La ética nos ayuda a descubrir, aclarar, afirmar, cambiar, reformar o trasformar valores y fines que motiva nuestra conducta.Este libro nos proveerá con las herramientas teóricas necesarias para conocer, describir y analizar los retos ético/morales que hoy día enfrentamos los cristianos.
Crossing the Threshold of Love
Author: Mary Shivanandan
Publisher: CUA Press
ISBN: 9780813209418
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
The papal encyclical Humanae Vitae predicted the disintegration of marriage and family life, partly as a result of the widespread use of contraception. Pope John Paul II has since addressed the problem by articulating a fresh understanding of marriage, love, and sexuality which takes account of the dignity of the human person, and especially of women. In this most exhaustive and scholarly assessment of John Paul II's Christian anthropology ever written, Mary Shivanandan examines the scientific data and the theological analysis that underlie his teachings on marriage and sexuality. Her book will be an essential text for the study of the development, meaning, and implications of Catholic doctrine in this controversial area. It is both lucid and multi-disciplinary. Its appearance marks a new stage in the debate over sexuality in the modern world. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Mary Shivanandan, STD, is a professor at the John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family. PRAISE FOR THE BOOK: "Mary Shivanandan has successfully accomplished a daunting task: the distillation of John Paul's profound and complicated vision of the essence of man and the meaning of marital love. . . . [A] very valuable presentation of the thought of John Paul on human sexuality, marriage, and the family. Anyone who wants to understand the Pope on these matters must have Shivanandan's book as part of his personal or formal curriculum."--New Oxford Review "An exceptionally brilliant study, Shivanandan very accurately and clearly sets forth the major ideas developed at length by Pope John Paul II in many of his writings. . . . She has entered into serious dialogue with contemporary thinking regarding the nature of the human person, the meaning of the human body, and the meaning of human sexuality, relating and contrasting this thinking with that of John Paul II."--Prof. William E. May, John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family "Shivanandan has made a significant contribution to the enrichment of our understanding of marriage. In a concise way, she reveals the subtle insights of John Paul II, which resonate in so many people's lives once they are explained in such a clear way."--Rev. Msgr. Peter J. Elliott, Casa Internazionale del Clero, Rome "The monumental text book the prolife movement has been waiting for. This is the definitive study of the Pope's innovative theology of the body and its implications for human life and marriage. . . ."--Faith & Culture Bulletin "This is an exceptional study. Shivanandan not only offers a tour de force of the evolution of John Paul's thought, but also demonstrates its far-reaching implications for the lives of couples, families, and whole societies. She unmasks the deception of our 'safe-sex' society by demonstrating that only when we come to see the body and sexual intercourse as the expression of transcendence of the person will we be able to 'cross the threshold of love.' . . . Mary Shivanandan's new book Crossing the Threshold of Love should establish her as a recognized scholar, theologian, and expert on Pope John Paul II's anthropology. . . ."--National Catholic Register "Pope John Paul II's thought and teaching on human sexuality evolved over a couple of decades, and Professor Mary Shivanandan unpackages this thought carefully and extensively. . . . In presenting John Paul II's thought, Mary Shivanandan brings a thorough grounding in philosophy and a theological education. She also has twenty years of experiential learning in the matter of Natural Family Planning and what this can bring to communion in one flesh. A full index of subjects as well as a generous bibliography enrich this work."--Liguorian "Shivanandan is largely successful in bringing out the main elements of the pope's personalism. She has
Publisher: CUA Press
ISBN: 9780813209418
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
The papal encyclical Humanae Vitae predicted the disintegration of marriage and family life, partly as a result of the widespread use of contraception. Pope John Paul II has since addressed the problem by articulating a fresh understanding of marriage, love, and sexuality which takes account of the dignity of the human person, and especially of women. In this most exhaustive and scholarly assessment of John Paul II's Christian anthropology ever written, Mary Shivanandan examines the scientific data and the theological analysis that underlie his teachings on marriage and sexuality. Her book will be an essential text for the study of the development, meaning, and implications of Catholic doctrine in this controversial area. It is both lucid and multi-disciplinary. Its appearance marks a new stage in the debate over sexuality in the modern world. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Mary Shivanandan, STD, is a professor at the John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family. PRAISE FOR THE BOOK: "Mary Shivanandan has successfully accomplished a daunting task: the distillation of John Paul's profound and complicated vision of the essence of man and the meaning of marital love. . . . [A] very valuable presentation of the thought of John Paul on human sexuality, marriage, and the family. Anyone who wants to understand the Pope on these matters must have Shivanandan's book as part of his personal or formal curriculum."--New Oxford Review "An exceptionally brilliant study, Shivanandan very accurately and clearly sets forth the major ideas developed at length by Pope John Paul II in many of his writings. . . . She has entered into serious dialogue with contemporary thinking regarding the nature of the human person, the meaning of the human body, and the meaning of human sexuality, relating and contrasting this thinking with that of John Paul II."--Prof. William E. May, John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family "Shivanandan has made a significant contribution to the enrichment of our understanding of marriage. In a concise way, she reveals the subtle insights of John Paul II, which resonate in so many people's lives once they are explained in such a clear way."--Rev. Msgr. Peter J. Elliott, Casa Internazionale del Clero, Rome "The monumental text book the prolife movement has been waiting for. This is the definitive study of the Pope's innovative theology of the body and its implications for human life and marriage. . . ."--Faith & Culture Bulletin "This is an exceptional study. Shivanandan not only offers a tour de force of the evolution of John Paul's thought, but also demonstrates its far-reaching implications for the lives of couples, families, and whole societies. She unmasks the deception of our 'safe-sex' society by demonstrating that only when we come to see the body and sexual intercourse as the expression of transcendence of the person will we be able to 'cross the threshold of love.' . . . Mary Shivanandan's new book Crossing the Threshold of Love should establish her as a recognized scholar, theologian, and expert on Pope John Paul II's anthropology. . . ."--National Catholic Register "Pope John Paul II's thought and teaching on human sexuality evolved over a couple of decades, and Professor Mary Shivanandan unpackages this thought carefully and extensively. . . . In presenting John Paul II's thought, Mary Shivanandan brings a thorough grounding in philosophy and a theological education. She also has twenty years of experiential learning in the matter of Natural Family Planning and what this can bring to communion in one flesh. A full index of subjects as well as a generous bibliography enrich this work."--Liguorian "Shivanandan is largely successful in bringing out the main elements of the pope's personalism. She has
Procreation and the Spousal Meaning of the Body
Author: Angel Perez-Lopez
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 1498292569
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 357
Book Description
This book attempts to aid those who are serious about the study of Pope Saint John Paul II's theology of the body. It is directed especially to those who teach it at both an academic and a parish level. It offers them the necessary scholarly background to be able to faithfully present John Paul II's work, understanding it with depth, and in continuity with Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Second Vatican Council.
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN: 1498292569
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 357
Book Description
This book attempts to aid those who are serious about the study of Pope Saint John Paul II's theology of the body. It is directed especially to those who teach it at both an academic and a parish level. It offers them the necessary scholarly background to be able to faithfully present John Paul II's work, understanding it with depth, and in continuity with Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Second Vatican Council.
Comunión y comunidad: Introducción a la espiritualidad Cristiana AETH
Author: Giacomo Cassese
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1426761082
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 174
Book Description
“La vida en comunidad es lo más esencial de la espiritualidad cristiana, y es la esencia misma del reino de Dios... La espiritualidad cristiana consiste en un nuevo modo de relacionarnos en amor, pues es precisamente esto lo que claramente distingue a la comunidad creyente de cualquier otra comunidad humana”. Al definir así la espiritualidad cristiana, el Dr. Cassese derriba el obsoleto paradigma que intentaba buscar la perfecta relación con Dios a través del aislamiento, de la pura relación personal e individual con Dios. En particular porque en realidad es en la comunidad donde la espiritualidad se realiza, se prueba, se evalúa, crece y se perfecciona. Este libro, por lo tanto, nos ayudará a comprender y vivir la espiritualidad desde la vida cotidiana en comunidad, desde la inter-relación e inter-acción con nuestros hermanos y hermanas, desde la inmersión profunda en la vida misma. ENDOSO AL LIBRO COMUNIÓN Y COMUNIDAD Por Roberto Amparo Rivera, PhD La iglesia como institución tradicionalmente ha reflejado en la práctica las tendencias y valores de la sociedad en que se desenvuelven. Por eso no es de maravillarse encontrar hoy día creyentes individualistas y congregaciones que son más grupos de individuos que comunidades integradas. A pesar de que el amor de Dios, que supuestamente distingue la comunidad, “no busca lo suyo”, los miembros de estas iglesias se preocupan más de sus propios intereses que del bienestar comunitario. En este estado de cosas, el libro Comunión y comunidad, de Giacomo Cassese, es un grito de alerta y una invitación a recobrar el sentido comunitario de la fe cristiana. Hay una opinión generalizada de que la cultura occidental es cada vez más espiritualista. En este contexto, la espiritualidad se mide en términos de prácticas esotéricas de meditación, ayuno, contemplación de la naturaleza y lecturas de documentos misteriosos de religiones orientales. La contraparte cristiana percibe la espritualidad solo en su dimensión vertical; “el alma en relación con Dios”, mientras que el resto de la vida no hace ninguna aplicación a las relaciones diarias con los semejantes. En marcado contraste, Cassese define espiritualidad como un estilo de relacionarse y de vivir en comunidad. Para los cristianos, afirma el autor, espiritualidad conlleva vivir la vida en su plenitud y con propósito. Solo en la comunión con Cristo nos entendemos como personas de comunidad. Y es a partir de la persona de Cristo que descubrimos la dignidad de los demás como personas. Solamente recibiendo a nuestros hermanos y hermanas como regalo de Dios, y experimentando a través de las comunión con ellas y ellos la encarnación de la Trinidad, tendremos la vida en abundancia que el camino hacia Dios promete. Comunión y comunidad es un oasis al espíritu solitario que aun no ha descubierto que su mayor riqueza está en la vida relacional con sus hermanos y hermanas en Cristo. La lectura es amena y fácil de seguir. Cassese se esmera por hacer comprensibles los términos teológicos que emplea. Con marcada paciencia toma de la mano a los lectores y lectoras y les guía con su habilidad característica a través de los caminos de la espiritualidad, dejándoles un sentido de “¡Ahora sí entiendo!” El resumen al final de los capítulos, así como el glosario al terminar la lectura, son ayudas adicionales en caso de que algún lector o lectora las necesite. Definitivamente, el libro de Cassese es un instrumento valioso para la iglesia que quiere vencer el individualismo que destruye las riquezas de vida cristiana en comunidad, el dualismo que hace separación artificial deformadora entre la creación material y el mundo del espíritu, y el pragmatismo que reduce la vida a valores puramente materiales. Cassese combate eficientemente estos tres enemigos acérrimos de la espiritualidad cristiana. Recomendamos a pastoras y pastores, líderes denominacionales, y otras personas responsables de dirigir la vida espiritual de sus respectivas comunidades, que adquieran y distribuyan copias de este libro entre su equipo de trabajo y lo usen como herramienta para provocar un movimiento de renovación espiritual comunitario. Roberto Amparo Rivera es Director de Cuidado Ministerial en la Iglesia de Dios en Puerto Rico. Es ministro, escritor, editor y profesor de seminario. Posee un doctorado en filosofía, con especialidad en liderato y política educacional de The Ohio State University, y un doctorado honorífico en divinidad de Caribbean Graduate School of Theology, en Kingston, Jamaica.
Publisher: Abingdon Press
ISBN: 1426761082
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 174
Book Description
“La vida en comunidad es lo más esencial de la espiritualidad cristiana, y es la esencia misma del reino de Dios... La espiritualidad cristiana consiste en un nuevo modo de relacionarnos en amor, pues es precisamente esto lo que claramente distingue a la comunidad creyente de cualquier otra comunidad humana”. Al definir así la espiritualidad cristiana, el Dr. Cassese derriba el obsoleto paradigma que intentaba buscar la perfecta relación con Dios a través del aislamiento, de la pura relación personal e individual con Dios. En particular porque en realidad es en la comunidad donde la espiritualidad se realiza, se prueba, se evalúa, crece y se perfecciona. Este libro, por lo tanto, nos ayudará a comprender y vivir la espiritualidad desde la vida cotidiana en comunidad, desde la inter-relación e inter-acción con nuestros hermanos y hermanas, desde la inmersión profunda en la vida misma. ENDOSO AL LIBRO COMUNIÓN Y COMUNIDAD Por Roberto Amparo Rivera, PhD La iglesia como institución tradicionalmente ha reflejado en la práctica las tendencias y valores de la sociedad en que se desenvuelven. Por eso no es de maravillarse encontrar hoy día creyentes individualistas y congregaciones que son más grupos de individuos que comunidades integradas. A pesar de que el amor de Dios, que supuestamente distingue la comunidad, “no busca lo suyo”, los miembros de estas iglesias se preocupan más de sus propios intereses que del bienestar comunitario. En este estado de cosas, el libro Comunión y comunidad, de Giacomo Cassese, es un grito de alerta y una invitación a recobrar el sentido comunitario de la fe cristiana. Hay una opinión generalizada de que la cultura occidental es cada vez más espiritualista. En este contexto, la espiritualidad se mide en términos de prácticas esotéricas de meditación, ayuno, contemplación de la naturaleza y lecturas de documentos misteriosos de religiones orientales. La contraparte cristiana percibe la espritualidad solo en su dimensión vertical; “el alma en relación con Dios”, mientras que el resto de la vida no hace ninguna aplicación a las relaciones diarias con los semejantes. En marcado contraste, Cassese define espiritualidad como un estilo de relacionarse y de vivir en comunidad. Para los cristianos, afirma el autor, espiritualidad conlleva vivir la vida en su plenitud y con propósito. Solo en la comunión con Cristo nos entendemos como personas de comunidad. Y es a partir de la persona de Cristo que descubrimos la dignidad de los demás como personas. Solamente recibiendo a nuestros hermanos y hermanas como regalo de Dios, y experimentando a través de las comunión con ellas y ellos la encarnación de la Trinidad, tendremos la vida en abundancia que el camino hacia Dios promete. Comunión y comunidad es un oasis al espíritu solitario que aun no ha descubierto que su mayor riqueza está en la vida relacional con sus hermanos y hermanas en Cristo. La lectura es amena y fácil de seguir. Cassese se esmera por hacer comprensibles los términos teológicos que emplea. Con marcada paciencia toma de la mano a los lectores y lectoras y les guía con su habilidad característica a través de los caminos de la espiritualidad, dejándoles un sentido de “¡Ahora sí entiendo!” El resumen al final de los capítulos, así como el glosario al terminar la lectura, son ayudas adicionales en caso de que algún lector o lectora las necesite. Definitivamente, el libro de Cassese es un instrumento valioso para la iglesia que quiere vencer el individualismo que destruye las riquezas de vida cristiana en comunidad, el dualismo que hace separación artificial deformadora entre la creación material y el mundo del espíritu, y el pragmatismo que reduce la vida a valores puramente materiales. Cassese combate eficientemente estos tres enemigos acérrimos de la espiritualidad cristiana. Recomendamos a pastoras y pastores, líderes denominacionales, y otras personas responsables de dirigir la vida espiritual de sus respectivas comunidades, que adquieran y distribuyan copias de este libro entre su equipo de trabajo y lo usen como herramienta para provocar un movimiento de renovación espiritual comunitario. Roberto Amparo Rivera es Director de Cuidado Ministerial en la Iglesia de Dios en Puerto Rico. Es ministro, escritor, editor y profesor de seminario. Posee un doctorado en filosofía, con especialidad en liderato y política educacional de The Ohio State University, y un doctorado honorífico en divinidad de Caribbean Graduate School of Theology, en Kingston, Jamaica.
Karol Wojtyla's Personalist Philosophy
Author: Miguel Acosta
Publisher: CUA Press
ISBN: 0813228573
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
This work provides a clear guide to Karol Wojtyla's principal philosophical work, Person and Act, rigorously analyzing the meaning that the author intended in his exposition. An important feature of the work is that the authors rely on the original Polish text, Osoba i czyn, as well as the best translations into Italian and Spanish, rather than on a flawed and sometimes misleading English edition of the work.
Publisher: CUA Press
ISBN: 0813228573
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
This work provides a clear guide to Karol Wojtyla's principal philosophical work, Person and Act, rigorously analyzing the meaning that the author intended in his exposition. An important feature of the work is that the authors rely on the original Polish text, Osoba i czyn, as well as the best translations into Italian and Spanish, rather than on a flawed and sometimes misleading English edition of the work.
Internationale Bibliographie der Rezensionen wissenschaftlicher Literatur
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Learning and scholarship
Languages : en
Pages : 984
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Learning and scholarship
Languages : en
Pages : 984
Book Description
The process of self-determination
Author: Pablo Beltrán Mellado
Publisher: Ediciones San Dámaso
ISBN: 841756134X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
Publisher: Ediciones San Dámaso
ISBN: 841756134X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
Human Dignity in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition
Author: John Loughlin
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1350073717
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
Dignity is a fundamental aspect of our lives, yet one we rarely pause to consider; our understandings of dignity, on individual, collective and philosophical perspectives, shape how we think, act and relate to others. This book offers an historical survey of how dignity has been understood and explores the concept in the Judaeo-Christian tradition. World-renowned contributors examine the roots of human dignity in classical Greece and Rome and the Scriptures, as well as in the work of theologians, such as St Thomas Aquinas and St John Paul II. Further chapters consider dignity within Renaissance art and sacred music. The volume shows that dignity is also a contemporary issue by analysing situations where the traditional understanding has been challenged by philosophical and policy developments. To this end, further essays look at the role of dignity in discussions about transhumanism, religious freedom, robotics and medicine. Grounded in the principal Christian traditions of Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, and Protestantism, this book offers an interdisciplinary and cross-period approach to a timely topic. It validates the notion of human dignity and offers an introduction to the field, while also challenging it.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1350073717
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
Dignity is a fundamental aspect of our lives, yet one we rarely pause to consider; our understandings of dignity, on individual, collective and philosophical perspectives, shape how we think, act and relate to others. This book offers an historical survey of how dignity has been understood and explores the concept in the Judaeo-Christian tradition. World-renowned contributors examine the roots of human dignity in classical Greece and Rome and the Scriptures, as well as in the work of theologians, such as St Thomas Aquinas and St John Paul II. Further chapters consider dignity within Renaissance art and sacred music. The volume shows that dignity is also a contemporary issue by analysing situations where the traditional understanding has been challenged by philosophical and policy developments. To this end, further essays look at the role of dignity in discussions about transhumanism, religious freedom, robotics and medicine. Grounded in the principal Christian traditions of Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, and Protestantism, this book offers an interdisciplinary and cross-period approach to a timely topic. It validates the notion of human dignity and offers an introduction to the field, while also challenging it.
The Problem of the Idea of Culture in John Paul II
Author: John Corrigan
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1498583180
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 255
Book Description
In The Problem of the Idea of Culture in John Paul II: Exposing the Disruptive Agency of the Philosophy of Karol Wojtyła, John Corrigan provides a new lens with which to view and understand the philosophy of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II. He exposes Wojtyła as a major player in contemporary philosophical debates. The work reformulates the “problem of experience” in light of the questions surrounding our idea of culture. Corrigan argues that for Wojtyła the drama of the “problem of experience” manifests in the apparently divergent accounts of the meaning of human experience as presented by the philosophies of being and of consciousness. Solving this conundrum results in an idea of the person capable of explaining human experience in relation to human culture,unfolding the experiences of self-knowledge, conscience, and the ontic-causal relationship of the person to human culture. The first part of the book concerns formal considerations regarding the constitutive aspects of Wojtyła’s approach, while the second part deals with pragmatic considerations drawn from his comments on culture.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1498583180
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 255
Book Description
In The Problem of the Idea of Culture in John Paul II: Exposing the Disruptive Agency of the Philosophy of Karol Wojtyła, John Corrigan provides a new lens with which to view and understand the philosophy of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II. He exposes Wojtyła as a major player in contemporary philosophical debates. The work reformulates the “problem of experience” in light of the questions surrounding our idea of culture. Corrigan argues that for Wojtyła the drama of the “problem of experience” manifests in the apparently divergent accounts of the meaning of human experience as presented by the philosophies of being and of consciousness. Solving this conundrum results in an idea of the person capable of explaining human experience in relation to human culture,unfolding the experiences of self-knowledge, conscience, and the ontic-causal relationship of the person to human culture. The first part of the book concerns formal considerations regarding the constitutive aspects of Wojtyła’s approach, while the second part deals with pragmatic considerations drawn from his comments on culture.