Author: Ashish Singh NegiPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Photovoltaic cells
Languages : en
Pages : 126
Book Description
Growth and Characterisation of Copper Indium Disulfide Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications Using Solid Single Source Precursors
Author: Ashish Singh NegiPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Photovoltaic cells
Languages : en
Pages : 126
Book Description
Growth and Characterization of Thin Films of Copper Indium Diselenide and Copper Indium Disulfide for Photovoltaic Applications
Author: Malayanath JeediPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Solar cells
Languages : en
Pages : 166
Book Description
Solution Processing for Copper Indium Sulfide Solar Cells
Author: Stephen Thacker ConnorPublisher: Stanford University
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 99
Book Description
In recent years, the field of photovoltaics has become increasingly important due to rising energy demand and climate change. While most solar cells are currently composed of crystalline silicon, devices with thinner films of inorganic absorber materials might allow production at a greater scale due to their lower materials cost. In particular, thin films of CuInS2 are promising solar absorber materials due to their high efficiencies and low required thicknesses. However, the fabrication of thin film solar cells currently requires expensive vacuum techniques. As an alternative, solution-based deposition techniques have been proposed as a route to low-cost and high-throughput electronic device fabrication. I have studied how film growth depends on solutuion deposited precursor film quality, with the goal of producing large grained films of CuInS2 through solution processing. In the first approach, we used solvothermal decomposition of organometallic precursors at moderate temperatures to produce nanoparticles of CuInS2. Thin films of these nanoparticles were cast onto molybdenum coated glass and further processed to create CuInS2 solar cells. We found that performance was dependent on film porosity, grain size, and stoichiometry of the nanoparticles. Films with grain sizes of ~200nm were attained, from which 1.3% efficient solar cells were made. In addition, we showed that this synthesis could be extended to produce CuInS2 nanoparticles with partial substitution of Fe, Zn, and Ga. In the second approach, we synthesized an air-stable hybrid organometallic/nanoparticle ink at room temperature in ambient conditions through a vulcanization reaction. This ink could be coated onto substrates in smooth layers, and further reactive annealing formed large grained CuInS2 films. This process was characterized, and a correlation between residual carbon and grain growth was found. Additionally, the chemical transformation between precursor layers and final sulfide thin film was analyzed, with an emphasis on the difference between sulfurization and selenization. We demonstrated that the sulfurization process was producing morphological defects due to its nucleation limited growth mechanism. However, it was modified to more closely resemble the diffusion limited selenization mechanism, thus producing flat films of CuInS2 with grain sizes of ~500nm.
Single Source Precursors for Thin Film Solar Cells
Author: Nanomaterials via Single-Source Precursors
Author: Allen W. ApblettPublisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128203447
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 630
Book Description
Nanomaterials via Single-Source Precursors: Synthesis, Processing and Applications presents recent results and overviews of synthesis, processing, characterization and applications of advanced materials for energy, electronics, biomedicine, sensors and aerospace. A variety of processing methods (vapor, liquid and solid-state) are covered, along with materials, including metals, oxides, semiconductor, sulfides, selenides, nitrides, and carbon-based materials. Production of quantum dots, nanoparticles, thin films and composites are described by a collection of international experts. Given the ability to customize the phase, morphology, and properties of target materials, this “rational approach to synthesis and processing is a disruptive technology for electronic, energy, structural and biomedical (nano)materials and devices. The use of single-source chemical precursors for materials processing technology allows for intimate elemental mixing and hence production of complex materials at temperatures well below traditional physical methods and those involving direct combination of elements. The use of lower temperatures enables thin-film deposition on lightweight polymer substrates and reduces damage to complex devices structures such as used in power, electronics and sensors. Discusses new approaches to synthesis or single-source precursors (SSPs) and the concept of rational design of materials Includes materials processing of SSPs in the design of new materials and novel devices Provides comprehensive coverage of the subject (materials science and chemistry) as related to SSPs and the range of potential applications
Solution Processing of Inorganic Materials
Author: David MitziPublisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470407611
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 522
Book Description
Discover the materials set to revolutionize the electronics industry The search for electronic materials that can be cheaply solution-processed into films, while simultaneously providing quality device characteristics, represents a major challenge for materials scientists. Continuous semiconducting thin films with large carrier mobilities are particularly desirable for high-speed microelectronic applications, potentially providing new opportunities for the development of low-cost, large-area, flexible computing devices, displays, sensors, and solar cells. To date, the majority of solution-processing research has focused on molecular and polymeric organic films. In contrast, this book reviews recent achievements in the search for solution-processed inorganic semiconductors and other critical electronic components. These components offer the potential for better performance and more robust thermal and mechanical stability than comparable organic-based systems. Solution Processing of Inorganic Materials covers everything from the more traditional fields of sol-gel processing and chemical bath deposition to the cutting-edge use of nanomaterials in thin-film deposition. In particular, the book focuses on materials and techniques that are compatible with high-throughput, low-cost, and low-temperature deposition processes such as spin coating, dip coating, printing, and stamping. Throughout the text, illustrations and examples of applications are provided to help the reader fully appreciate the concepts and opportunities involved in this exciting field. In addition to presenting the state-of-the-art research, the book offers extensive background material. As a result, any researcher involved or interested in electronic device fabrication can turn to this book to become fully versed in the solution-processed inorganic materials that are set to revolutionize the electronics industry.
Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells
Author: Nurdan Demirci SankirPublisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119459966
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 480
Book Description
This book provides an overall view of the photoelectrochemical systems for solar hydrogen generation, and new and novel materials for photoelectrochemical solar cell applications. The book is organized in three parts. General concepts and photoelectrochemical systems are covered in Part I. Part II is devoted to photoactive materials for solar hydrogen generation. Main focus of the last part is the photoelectrochemical related systems. This part provides a diverse information about the implementation of multi-junctional solar cells in solar fuel generation systems, dye-sensitized solar hydrogen production and photocatalytic formation of photoactive semiconductors.
Growth, Characterizations and Applications of Copper Sulfide Thin Films by Solution-based Processes
Author: Paravee Vas-UmnuayPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Copper sulfide
Languages : en
Pages : 197
Book Description
Copper sulfides (Cu[subscript x]S) are compound semiconductor materials that exhibit considerable optical and electrical properties varying significantly as a function of the composition. Copper sulfide thin films can be used in many applications, such as solar control coatings, solar cells, photothermal conversion of solar energy, electroconductive coatings, and microwave shielding coatings. A variety of solution-based and vapor-based techniques are suitable for their deposition. Solution-based processes have the advantages of simplicity, low capital cost, and low processing temperature. In this work, copper sulfide thin film deposition by a number of solution-based processes was investigated. These processes include chemical bath deposition (CBD), Microreactor Assisted Solution Deposition (MASD), and PhotoChemical Deposition (PCD). The growth kinetics of copper sulfide thin films by CBD was monitored using an in-situ quartz crystal microbalance for the first time. CBD growth was studied as a function of time, temperature, concentrations of reactants, and pH. The reaction activation energy was determined based on initial growth rates. The result indicates the rate limiting step of the deposition is the chemical reaction rather than mass transport. The structure, morphology, composition and optical absorption of the films were found to depend strongly on the deposition conditions. Results from the study of CBD reactions indicated the need to de-reduce the undesirable homogeneous particle formation. The MASD process was developed to achieve this objective. The continuous flow process together with the microreactor design not only improve the mixing of reactants and provide a better temporal control over the reaction which result in higher quality films and a higher deposition rate. A particle-free flux was obtained after adjusting the key process parameters (concentration of mixed reactants, solution temperature, substrate temperature, and residence time). Significantly improved copper sulfide thin film deposition with a good selectivity of heterogeneous surface reactions was achieved. PCD basically employs the UV illumination to excite the irradiated region of the substrate in a deposition solution. It has the potential to reduce the homogeneous particle formation. We investigated the growth kinetics of copper sulfide thin films by PCD under various deposition conditions (e.g. pH, substrate position, reactant concentration, deposition time, and temperature) that influence on the film properties and characteristics. Moreover a detailed mathematical model that describes the multiple chemical reactions in the deposition mechanism was also developed in this work to have a better understanding of the reaction mechanism. Reaction rate constants were successfully estimated from the experimental data based on this model. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data. This model could serve as a useful tool for the control and optimization of photochemical deposition of copper sulfide thin films. Both CBD and PCD processes suffer from severe homogeneous particle formation which has resulted in lower deposition rate. In contrast, MASD provides good selectivity towards heterogeneous surface deposition using molecular precursors at a much higher deposition rate. Thus MASD process was used to deposit copper sulfide layers on textured substrates with nice conformal coverage. Dense, crack-free CuInSe2 thin films were fabricated successfully after adding an indium precursor layer, and followed by a selenization process. This approach offers a potential low-cost route to fabricate thin absorber solar cells.
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Author: Giovanni BenelliPublisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039217860
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
Nanomaterials possess astonishing physical and chemical properties. They play a key role in the development of novel and effective drugs, catalysts, sensors, and pesticides, to cite just a few examples. Notably, the synthesis of nanomaterials is usually achieved with chemical and physical methods needing the use of extremely toxic chemicals or high-energy inputs. To move towards more eco-friendly processes, researchers have recently focused on so-called “green synthesis”, where microbial, animal-, and plant-borne compounds can be used as cheap reducing and stabilizing agents to fabricate nanomaterials. Green synthesis routes are cheap, environmentally sustainable, and can lead to the fabrication of nano-objects with controlled sizes and shapes—two key features determining their bioactivity. However, real-world applications of green-fabricated nanomaterials are largely unexplored. Besides, what do we really know about their non-target toxicity? Which are their main modes of action? What is their possible fate in the environment? In this framework, the present Special Issue will include articles by expert authorities on nanomaterials synthesis and applications. Special emphasis will be placed on their impact on the environment and long-term toxicity.
Novel Route to Transition Metal Isothiocyanate Complexes Using Metal Powders and Thiourea
Author: Jerry D. HarrisPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Crystallography
Languages : en
Pages : 30
Book Description