Granulated Urea from Ammonia via Self-Stripping Process - Cost Analysis - Urea E21A PDF Download

Author: Intratec
Publisher: Intratec
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 102

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Book Description
This report presents a cost analysis of Urea production from ammonia and carbon dioxide. The process examined is similar to Saipem's (formerly Snamprogetti) self-stripping process. In this process, ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted to form ammonium carbamate intermediate, which is converted to Urea. The non-converted carbamate is stripped from the Urea solution by excess ammonia and decomposed back to ammonia and carbon dioxide, which are recycled to the Urea synthesis. After concentration and granulation steps, Urea Granules are obtained as final product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Urea," Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2010 (2) "Urea," Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition Keywords: NH3 Stripping, Self-Stripping, Fertilizers, Snamprogetti, Saipem, Urea Granules

Author: J.R. Jennings
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475795920
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 462

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Book Description
The phenomenon of catalysis is found in many homogeneous and heterogeneous systems undergoing chemical change, where it effects the rates of approach to the equilibrium state in processes as diverse as those found in the stars, the earth's mantle, living organisms, and the various chemistries utilized by industry. The economies and the living standards of both developed and developing countries depend to varying degrees upon the efficacy of their chemical industries. Con sequently, this century has seen a wide exploration and expansion of catalytic chemistry together with an intensive investigation of specific, essential processes like those contributing to life-supporting agricultures. Prime among the latter must surely be the "fixation" of atmospheric nitrogen by catalytic hydrogenation to anhydrous ammonia, still the preferred synthetic precursor of the nitrogenous components of fertilizers. In each decade contemporary concepts and techniques have been used to further the understanding, as yet incomplete, of the catalyst, the adsorbates, the surface reactions, and the technology of large-scale operation. The contributors to the present volume review the state of the art, the science, and the technology; they reveal existing lacunae, and suggest ways forward. Around the turn of the century, Sabatier's school was extending the descriptive catalytic chemistry of hydrogenation by metals to include almost all types of multiple bond. The triple bond of dinitrogen, which continued to be more resistant than the somewhat similar bonds in carbon monoxide and ethyne, defied their efforts.

Author: Raffaele De Caterina
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128045876
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 588

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Book Description
Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is the most comprehensive foundational text on the complex topics of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Edited by three leaders in the field with contributions from the most well-cited researchers conducting groundbreaking research in the field, the book covers how the genetic makeup influences the response to foods and nutrients and how nutrients affect gene expression. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is broken into four parts providing a valuable overview of genetics, nutrigenetics, and nutrigenomics, and a conclusion that helps to translate research into practice. With an overview of the background, evidence, challenges, and opportunities in the field, readers will come away with a strong understanding of how this new science is the frontier of medical nutrition. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is a valuable reference for students and researchers studying nutrition, genetics, medicine, and related fields. - Uniquely foundational, comprehensive, and systematic approach with full evidence-based coverage of established and emerging topics in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics - Includes a valuable guide to ethics for genetic testing for nutritional advice - Chapters include definitions, methods, summaries, figures, and tables to help students, researchers, and faculty grasp key concepts - Companion website includes slide decks, images, questions, and other teaching and learning aids designed to facilitate communication and comprehension of the content presented in the book

Author: Ramaier Narayanaswamy
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783540408864
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 456

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Book Description
This interesting book covers latest aspects of a highly sophisticated technology; results treated in critical detail; demonstrates applicability of this technology to practical problems in process control, biochip methods, clinical analysis, environmental sciences

Author: Michael W. Shannon
Publisher: Saunders
ISBN: 9780721606934
Category : Drugs
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This edition is a reference for information related to the clinical management of children and adults whose health has been effected or potentially effected by toxic agents, including drugs, environmental threats, and natural toxins.

Author: Octave Levenspiel
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047125424X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : de
Pages : 689

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Book Description
Chemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. It's goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types. Simple ideas are treated first, and are then extended to the more complex.

Author: William Murphy
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493933051
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 676

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Book Description
This book provides tabular and text data relating to normal and diseased tissue materials and materials used in medical devices. Comprehensive and practical for students, researchers, engineers, and practicing physicians who use implants, this book considers the materials aspects of both implantable materials and natural tissues and fluids. Examples of materials and topics covered include titanium, elastomers, degradable biomaterials, composites, scaffold materials for tissue engineering, dental implants, sterilization effects on material properties, metallic alloys, and much more. Each chapter author considers the intrinsic and interactive properties of biomaterials, as well as their appropriate applications and historical contexts. Now in an updated second edition, this book also contains two new chapters on the cornea and on vocal folds, as well as updated insights, data, and citations for several chapters.

Author: Norman Herr
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0787972983
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 614

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Book Description
The Sourcebook for Teaching Science is a unique, comprehensive resource designed to give middle and high school science teachers a wealth of information that will enhance any science curriculum. Filled with innovative tools, dynamic activities, and practical lesson plans that are grounded in theory, research, and national standards, the book offers both new and experienced science teachers powerful strategies and original ideas that will enhance the teaching of physics, chemistry, biology, and the earth and space sciences.

Author: Petr Ptáček
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535122657
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 516

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Book Description
Apatite-type minerals and their synthetic analogues are of interest of many industrial branches and scientific disciplines including material sciences, chemical industry, agriculture, geology, medicine and dentistry. This book provides a basic overview of general knowledges of this topic in order to provide the comprehensive survey from a scientific and technological perspective. The book is divided into 10 chapters, which are devoted to the structure and properties of minerals from the supergroup of apatite, experimental techniques of preparation and characterization of synthetic analogues of apatite minerals, substitution in the structure of apatite as well as utilization of these materials in wide range of common and special advanced applications in industry, material sciences and research. Additionally, the phosphate rocks, their classification, geological role, mining and beneficiation of phosphate ore, production of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid and fertilizers are also described. Although this book is meant for chemist, material scientist and research engineers, the individual chapters contain theoretical background, historical aspects as well as examples of synthetic and analytical methods which may be also interesting for students and non-expert readers as well.

Author: Lewis Stevens
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521612111
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288

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Book Description
The biology of birds is diverse and frequently differs significantly from that of other vertebrates. Many birds migrate or fly at high altitudes, while egg-laying and feather production places high demands on nutrient uptake and storage. This book is the only comprehensive and up-to-date survey of avian biochemistry and molecular biology available. It emphasises the similarities and differences between birds and other vertebrates, concentrating on new developments. The first section deals with protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, its hormonal control and the adaptations that occur in birds. The second covers the avian genome, gene expression, and avian immunology. Growth and embryological development are also discussed. Avian Biochemistry and Molecular Biology will be of interest to all those working on birds, especially postgraduate students and researchers.