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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Carcinogenicity testing Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This volume of the IARC Monographs provides an assessment of the carcinogenicity of 14 drugs and herbal products. The IARC Monographs Working Group relied on epidemiological studies to evaluate the carcinogenic hazard to humans exposed to the drugs digoxin (widely prescribed for the treatment of chronic heart failure), pioglitazone (used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus), and hydrochlorothiazide (used to treat hypertension). Other agents evaluated included the drugs primidone, sulfasalazine, pentosan polysulfate sodium, and triamterene, and five herbal products (or their components): Aloe vera whole leaf extract, goldenseal root powder, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, kava extract, and pulegone. In view of the limited agent-specific information available from epidemiological studies, assessments of these agents relied mainly on carcinogenicity bioassays to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to exposed humans.
Author: Adrianne Sinclair Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The native woodland herb, goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), is threatened in Canada. Recovery to a non-risk category is particularly desirable given its medicinal and potential crop value. Woodland herbs probably evolved in an environment with severe and frequent disturbances, including massive floods and impacts of extinct and extirpated fauna. Lack of specific disturbance may limit growth and spread. Ecological observations and analysis (Part I) refined this hypothesis. Comparison of recent and 10 year old surveys, and stem numbers over two years, indicated lack of growth and spread. Pollination and dispersal appeared nonlimiting based on observation of abundant polylectic bees and syrphid flies and rapid removal of fruit. Chi-square tests, comparing frequencies of goldenseal and random points along transects throughout woodlands, revealed a significant association with paths and edges. This suggested a positive disturbance effect and justified an extensive random block field experiment (Part II). Each block contained four one metre square treatment plots: substrate turned, fertilized, both, and control. Transplants in 100 blocks and seeds in 40 blocks were evaluated over two years. Multi-factor analysis of variance, through an extension of the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple comparisons using modified Tukey tests, was used to analyse the highly variable and discontinuous data. Significantly greater growth occurred in substrate turnover plots after one year. Each year soil turnover plots had significantly more fruit, and after two years, soil turnover + fertilization plots had significantly more fruit and seeds per fruit. Lack of significant increase in germination was attributed to dry conditions. Results represent the first experimental evidence for a positive effect of substrate disturbance on growth and reproduction of a woodland herb exclusive of canopy gap effects. Management involving transplanting with substrate turnover may be essential for recovery according to projection matrix analysis (Part III) of two sets of transition years for 14 populations. The overall growth rate was 0.986 +/- 0.133 (SD) per year. Survival of established stems and vegetative propagation were critical for spread given lack of seedling development. The hypothesis that some woodland herbs are rare due to lack of certain disturbances that were more prevalent in the past was supported.
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Author: Mary Lorraine Predny
Author: Eric P. Burkhart
Author: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia
Author: Mary Lorraine Predny
Author: Mary Lorraine Predny
Author: 
Author: Steven Foster
Author: Henri Hus
Author: 
Author: Adrianne Sinclair