Glutamate Transporters in the Rat Basal Ganglia: Localization and Modulations in Normal and Parkinsonian Rats PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Glutamate Transporters in the Rat Basal Ganglia: Localization and Modulations in Normal and Parkinsonian Rats PDF full book. Access full book title Glutamate Transporters in the Rat Basal Ganglia: Localization and Modulations in Normal and Parkinsonian Rats by Ka Yin Chung. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Ka Yin Chung Publisher: ISBN: 9781109899863 Category : Basal ganglia Languages : en Pages : 319
Book Description
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a serious motor disorder in human and it is caused by a degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. One damaging effect after dopamine denervation is an overactivity of glutamate pathways in the brain and this is related to the onset of symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Glutamate transmission is regulated by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-T3) and excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs: GLT1, GLAST and EAAC1). In normal rats, double labeling experiments revealed that pattern of distribution of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunoreactivities was found to be primarily segregated in the neuropilar elements, whereas VGLUT3 immunoreactivity was found in the perikarya of different subpopulations of neurons in the basal ganglia. The present results indicate that VGLUT1 and T2 proteins are likely to be expressed by sub-groups of glutamatergic terminals that differ in origin. VGLUT3 is only found in subpopulations of neurons in the basal ganglia suggests possible roles of glutamate in these neurons. In 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, an animal model of Parkinson's disease, immunoreactivity for GLT1 and GLAST was found to be decreased in the striatum of the lesioned side. Prominent decreases in GLT1 and GLAST protein expressions were also found. These findings indicate that excessive levels of extracellular glutamate after the onset of Parkinson's disease may at least be due to a depletion of glial glutamate transporters, i.e., a deficit in re-cycling of glutamate as a neurotransmitter. In addition, immunoreactivity for EAAC1 and VGLUT3 was differentially modulated in the basal ganglia after 6-OHDA lesion. These results indicate that the expression of EAAC1 and VGLUT3 are related to change of activities of neurons in the basal ganglia after dopamine denervation. These findings may have important implications in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Last but not the least, GLT1 expression was found to be increased after the administration of an antibiotic ceftriaxone in normal and 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Immunoreactivity for GLT1 was found to be increased in the lesioned striatum compared to the non-lesioned side of the ceftriaxone-treated rats. Although, no amelioration in motor behavior was found, these results provide evidence that ceftriaxone is potent positive regulator for GLT1 expression. These findings may have potential clinical application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Author: Ka Yin Chung Publisher: ISBN: 9781109899863 Category : Basal ganglia Languages : en Pages : 319
Book Description
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a serious motor disorder in human and it is caused by a degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. One damaging effect after dopamine denervation is an overactivity of glutamate pathways in the brain and this is related to the onset of symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Glutamate transmission is regulated by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-T3) and excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs: GLT1, GLAST and EAAC1). In normal rats, double labeling experiments revealed that pattern of distribution of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunoreactivities was found to be primarily segregated in the neuropilar elements, whereas VGLUT3 immunoreactivity was found in the perikarya of different subpopulations of neurons in the basal ganglia. The present results indicate that VGLUT1 and T2 proteins are likely to be expressed by sub-groups of glutamatergic terminals that differ in origin. VGLUT3 is only found in subpopulations of neurons in the basal ganglia suggests possible roles of glutamate in these neurons. In 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, an animal model of Parkinson's disease, immunoreactivity for GLT1 and GLAST was found to be decreased in the striatum of the lesioned side. Prominent decreases in GLT1 and GLAST protein expressions were also found. These findings indicate that excessive levels of extracellular glutamate after the onset of Parkinson's disease may at least be due to a depletion of glial glutamate transporters, i.e., a deficit in re-cycling of glutamate as a neurotransmitter. In addition, immunoreactivity for EAAC1 and VGLUT3 was differentially modulated in the basal ganglia after 6-OHDA lesion. These results indicate that the expression of EAAC1 and VGLUT3 are related to change of activities of neurons in the basal ganglia after dopamine denervation. These findings may have important implications in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Last but not the least, GLT1 expression was found to be increased after the administration of an antibiotic ceftriaxone in normal and 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Immunoreactivity for GLT1 was found to be increased in the lesioned striatum compared to the non-lesioned side of the ceftriaxone-treated rats. Although, no amelioration in motor behavior was found, these results provide evidence that ceftriaxone is potent positive regulator for GLT1 expression. These findings may have potential clinical application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Author: Richard Teke Ngomba Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319561707 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 283
Book Description
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Eight different mGlu subtypes have been identified and classified into three groups based on amino acid sequence similarity, agonist pharmacology, and the signal transduction pathways to which they couple. They perform a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, being involved in learning, memory, anxiety, and the perception of pain. They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, as well as other parts of the bain and peripheral tissues. This volume will focus on the latest research in the role of Group I mGluRs in health and disease.
Author: Arne Schousboe Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319450964 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 420
Book Description
Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neurons resulted in the formulation of the term “The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle.” In this cycle glutamate released from neurons is taken up by surrounding astrocytes, amidated by the action of glutamine synthetase to glutamine which can be transferred back to the neurons. The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is like a stealth technology, hiding the glutamate molecule which would be highly toxic to neurons due to its excitotoxic action. This series of reactions require the concerted and precise interaction of a number of enzymes and plasma membrane transporters, and this volume provides in-depth descriptions of these processes. Obviously such a series of complicated reactions may well be prone to malfunction and therefore neurological diseases are likely to be associated with such malfunction of the enzymes and transporters involved in the cycle. These aspects are also discussed in several chapters of the book. A number of leading experts in neuroscience including intermediary metabolism, enzymology and transporter physiology have contributed to this book which provides comprehensive discussions of these different aspects of the functional importance of the glutamate-glutamine cycle coupling homeostasis of glutamatergic, excitatory neurotransmission to basic aspects of brain energy metabolism. This book will be of particular importance for students as well as professionals interested in these fundamental processes involved in brain function and dysfunction.
Author: Heinz Steiner Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128025263 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 1038
Book Description
Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, Second Edition, offers an integrated overview of the structural and functional aspects of the basal ganglia, highlighting clinical relevance. The basal ganglia, a group of forebrain nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, are involved in numerous brain functions, such as motor control and learning, sensorimotor integration, reward, and cognition. These nuclei are essential for normal brain function and behavior, and their importance is further emphasized by the numerous and diverse disorders associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dystonia, and psychostimulant addiction. This updated edition has been thoroughly revised to provide the most up-to-date account of this critical brain structure. Edited and authored by internationally acclaimed basal ganglia researchers, the new edition contains ten entirely new chapters that offer expanded coverage of anatomy and physiology, detailed accounts of recent advances in cellular/molecular mechanisms and cellular/physiological mechanisms, and critical, deeper insights into the behavioral and clinical aspects of basal ganglia function and dysfunction. Synthesizes widely dispersed information on the behavioral neurobiology of the basal ganglia, including advances in the understanding of anatomy, cellular/molecular and cellular/physiological mechanisms, and behavioral and clinical aspects of function and dysfunction Written by international authors who are preeminent researchers in the field Explores, in full, the clinically relevant impact of the basal ganglia on various psychiatric and neurological diseases
Author: N. J. Strausfeld Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642821154 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 445
Book Description
The "functional" in the title of this book not only reflects my personal bias about neuroanatomy in brain research, it is also the gist of many chapters which describe sophisticated ways to resolve structures and interpret them as dynamic entities. Examples are: the visualization of functionally identified brain areas or neurons by activity staining or intracellular dye-iontophoresis; the resolution of synaptic connections between physiologically identified nerve cells; and the biochemical identification of specific neurons (their peptides and transmitters) by histo- and immunocytochemistry. I personally view the nervous system as an organ whose parts, continuously exchanging messages, arrive at their decisions by the cooperative phenome non of consensus and debate. This view is, admittedly, based on my own ex perience of looking at myriads of nerve cells and their connections rather than studying animal behaviour or theorizing. Numerous structural studies have demonstrated that interneurons in the brain must receive hundreds of thousands of synapses. Many neurons receive inputs from several different sensory areas: each input conveys a message about the external world and possibly also about past events which are stored within the central nervous system. Whether an interneuron responds to a certain combination of inputs may be, literally, a matter of debate whose outcome is decided at the post synaptic membrane. A nerve cell responding to an overriding command is possibly a rare event.
Author: Detlev Boison Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199322295 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 657
Book Description
Homeostatic Control of Brain Function offers a broad view of brain health and diverse perspectives for potential treatments, targeting key areas such as mitochondria, the immune system, epigenetic changes, and regulatory molecules such as ions, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators. Loss of homeostasis becomes expressed as a diverse array of neurological disorders. Each disorder has multiple comorbidities - with some crossing over several conditions - and often disease-specific treatments remain elusive. When current pharmacological therapies result in ineffective and inadequate outcomes, therapies to restore and maintain homeostatic functions can help improve brain health, no matter the diagnosis. Employing homeostatic therapies may lead to future cures or treatments that address multiple comorbidities. In an age where brain diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are ever present, the incorporation of homeostatic techniques could successfully promote better overall brain health. Key Features include · A focus on the homeostatic controls that significantly depend on the way one lives, eats, and drinks. · Highlights from emerging research in non-pharmaceutical therapies including botanical medications, meditation, diet, and exercise. · Incorporation of homeostatic therapies into existing basic and clinical research paradigms. · Extensive scientific basic and clinical research ranging from molecules to disorders. · Emerging practical information for improving homeostasis. · Examples of homeostatic therapies in preventing and delaying dysfunction. Both editors, Detlev Boison and Susan Masino, bring their unique expertise in homeostatic research to the overall scope of this work. This book is accessible to all with an interest in brain health; scientist, clinician, student, and lay reader alike.
Author: Ahmed A. Moustafa Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889193888 Category : Basal ganglia Languages : en Pages : 495
Book Description
The basal ganglia has received much attention over the last two decades, as it has been implicated in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most of this research—in both animals and humans—attempt to understand the neural and biochemical substrates of basic motor and learning processes, and how these are affected in human patients as well as animal models of brain disorders. The current volume contains research articles and reviews describing basic, pre-clinical and clinical neuroscience research of the basal ganglia written by attendees of the 11th Triennial Meeting of the International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS) that was held March 3-7th, 2013 at the Princess Hotel, Eilat, Israel and by researchers of the basal ganglia. Specifically, articles in this volume include research reports on the biochemistry, computational theory, anatomy and physiology of single neurons and functional circuitry of the basal ganglia networks as well as the latest data on animal models of basal ganglia dysfunction and clinical studies in human patients.
Author: Hardy J. Rideout Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319499696 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
This is the first book to assemble the leading researchers in the field of LRRK2 biology and neurology and provide a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, encompassing all major aspects of its function and dysfunction. The contributors are experts in cell biology and physiology, neurobiology, and medicinal chemistry, bringing a multidisciplinary perspective on the gene and its role in disease. The book covers the identification of LRRK2 as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. It also discusses the current state of the field after a decade of research, putative normal physiological roles of LRRK2, and the various pathways that have been identified in the search for the mechanism(s) of its induction of neurodegeneration.
Author: Ka Yin Chung
Author: Ka Yin Chung
Author: 
Author: Richard Teke Ngomba
Author: Arne Schousboe
Author: Heinz Steiner
Author: Bita Moghaddam
Author: N. J. Strausfeld
Author: Detlev Boison
Author: Ahmed A. Moustafa
Author: Hardy J. Rideout