Genomic breeding value estimation for novel functional traits in Brown Swiss Cattle PDF Download

Author: Michael Kramer
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736946813
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 114

View

Book Description
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einsatz der genomischen Zuchtwertschätzung für neue funktionale Merkmale und den Gehalt an Milchinhaltsstoffen auf Ebene der einzelnen Euterviertel in der Milchrinderzucht zu beleuchten. Nach einer allgemeinen Einführung in die genomische Selektion und in das Prinzip der Testherden werden im zweiten Kapitel genetische Parameter und Heritabilitäten für verschiedene Verhaltensmerkmale, für Milchfluss, Eutertiefe, Labienlage und Tage bis zur 1. Brunst geschätzt. Im dritten Kapitel erfolgt eine Schätzung genetischer Parameter und Heritabilitäten für die Milchinhaltsstoffe (Fett, Eiweiß, Lactose, Harnstoff, SCS) und für Hyperkeratosen der Zitzen auf Basis der einzelnen Euterviertel. Ferner werden additiv genetische und phänotypische Korrelationen für diese Merkmale zwischen den Eutervierteln geschätzt. Im vierten Kapitel wird eine genomische Zuchtwertschätzung für die funktionalen Merkmale aus Kapitel eins auf Basis von 777k Genotypen vorgestellt. Die Sicherheit der genomischen Zuchtwerte wird zudem mit einem neuen Ansatz abgeleitet, der trotz geringer Sicherheit der konventionellen Zuchtwerte eine realistische Abschätzung der genomischen Zuchtwerte erlaubt. Im fünften Kapitel werden abschließend die Möglichkeiten beleuchtet, eine genomische Zuchtwertschätzung für funktionale Merkmale in einem Testherdensystem zu etablieren.

Author: RC Sobti
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000782565
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 420

View

Book Description
High-throughput molecular technologies ("omics") can help to decipher the contributions of different physiological systems and identify candidate molecules that are representative of different physiological pathways thereby allowing the discovery of biomarkers. Notably, the omics technologies along with and computational methods, bioprospecting, and artificial intelligence will continue to lead to better understanding of biological mechanisms that are responsible for physical attributes, or phenotypes. Research breakthroughs obtained through these technologies can be used to enhance productivity of food animals, meet the increasing demand for animal-sourced foods, enhance high-quality nutrient availability, ensure nutrient safety, mitigate the effects of climate variability, and result in new technologies that provide continued improvement in food security worldwide. Such breakthroughs are an urgent necessity because over the past 50 years, there has been an unprecedented increase in the world’s population, which will reach ten billion by the year 2050. Innovative and technological advancements that enhance all aspects of food production will arise from basic, fundamental research. Besides food, animal by-products have found many applications in the fields of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and household and industrial products. Hence, the need to ameliorate the productivity, reproductivity, growth performance, and disease resistance in animals has created a worldwide interest in gaining a deeper understanding of animal biology, biotechnology and genomics, and proteomics. The present volume thoroughly discusses the omics studies in domestic and non-domestic animals and their role in mitigation of various challenges ahead. The volume thus focuses on i. Omics (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolonomics) technologies in identifying, characterizing biodiversity ii. Role of molecular techniques for improvement of domestic and non-domestic organisms iii. Animal and alternative model systems (using stem cells, tissue engineering, cell free systems, 3D platforms etc.) for studying life phenomena iv. Genetically modified organisms as factories for the products

Author: Aline Rocha Guarini
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

View

Book Description
Reliabilities of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for functional traits, e.g. health, fertility and reproduction, remain low compared to those for production in dairy cattle. This is likely because large training populations are required for evaluation of lowly heritable traits. Different strategies have been proposed to overcome this limitation, such as the use of genotyped cows, inclusion of external bulls (multi-trait across-country evaluation, MACE), and adoption of different methodologies, such as the simultaneous use of genotyped and non-genotyped animals, known as the single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP). Thus, the main objectives of this thesis were to evaluate strategies for combining genotypic, phenotypic and pedigree information to analyze functional traits in Holstein cattle and investigate the effects of two deleterious recessive haplotypes (AH1 and AH2) on reproduction performance of Canadian Ayrshire cattle. Data for various functional traits recorded in Canada and MACE estimated breeding values were obtained from the Canadian Dairy Network (CDN, Guelph, Canada). Additionally, information of carriers and non-carriers bulls for AH1 and AH2 were used to investigate their effects on reproductive performance. Genomic predictions were obtained using multi-step and single-step GBLUP under different strategies, such as adding genotyped cows in the evaluation, integrating MACE information, blending traditional and genomic evaluations, and using different proportions of polygenic effect. A genome-wide association study and functional analyses were also performed for three fertility disorders, namely retained placenta, metritis and cystic ovaries. Genomic predictions for functional traits benefited greatly from simultaneous use of phenotypes, pedigree, and genotypes. Integration of MACE data using ssGBLUP yielded the highest reliabilities compared to other methods and also helped reduce bias of genomic predictions. Effects of AH1 and AH2 on reproductive performance of Canadian Ayrshire cattle were validated. A negative effect of AH1 on stillbirth rates was observed, whereas AH2 had a negative impact on 56-day non-return rate. These findings provide valuable information on strategies to more accurately predict GEBV for functional traits in dairy cattle by adopting ssGBLUP and different sources of domestic and foreign information. Biological understanding of reproductive disorders and validated lethal haplotypes affecting fertility will help enhance accuracy of selection and mating plans in the Canadian dairy cattle breeding programs.

Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309101964
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 385

View

Book Description
Over the past century, we have made great strides in reducing rates of disease and enhancing people's general health. Public health measures such as sanitation, improved hygiene, and vaccines; reduced hazards in the workplace; new drugs and clinical procedures; and, more recently, a growing understanding of the human genome have each played a role in extending the duration and raising the quality of human life. But research conducted over the past few decades shows us that this progress, much of which was based on investigating one causative factor at a time—often, through a single discipline or by a narrow range of practitioners—can only go so far. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment examines a number of well-described gene-environment interactions, reviews the state of the science in researching such interactions, and recommends priorities not only for research itself but also for its workforce, resource, and infrastructural needs.

Author: Marija Klopcic
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9086866573
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 281

View

Book Description
The past decade has revealed unfavourable trends in e.g. fertility, udder health and locomotion in some major dairy cattle breeds due to a large increase in production and insufficient consideration of functional traits in the breeding goals. Such unfavourable trends in some functional traits increase costs. Additionally, the enlargement of herds leads to less available labour time per individual cow. This asks for cows that are easy to handle. At the same time, society is demanding a higher welfare standard of animals. These contradicting developments have increased the desire for so called more robust animals. Robustness can be defined as 'the ability to maintain homeostasis in commonly accepted and sustainable herds of the near future'; or 'the ability of the cow to function well in the environment she lives in as well as in a wide range of climates and production systems'. This book contains a series of articles (26) dealing with the concept of robustness, including aspects like evolution, genetics, environment, animal health and welfare, and integrity. Besides the major functional traits also the links to energy balance, hot climatic conditions, and the attitude and input of stakeholders towards robustness as part of the breeding program are discussed. This book is the first attempt to summarise the available knowledge concerning this topic in cattle, making this book unique. The contributions are from authors of 16 countries from all over the world. However, the focus is presently on farm animal level, while in future robustness of the whole production system may also require additional attention.

Author: EAAP scientific committee
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9086868304
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 717

View

Book Description
This Book of Abstracts is the main publication of the 67th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP). It contains abstracts of the invited papers and contributed presentations of the sessions of EAAP's nine Commissions: Animal Genetics, Animal Nutrition, Animal Management and Health, Animal Physiology, Cattle Production, Sheep and Goat Production, Pig Production, Horse Production and Livestock Farming Systems.

Author: Tong Yin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

View

Book Description

Author: Scientific Committee
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9086869181
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 668

View

Book Description
This Book of Abstracts is the main publication of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP). It contains abstracts of the invited papers and contributed presentations of the sessions of EAAP's eleven Commissions: Animal Genetics, Animal Nutrition, Animal Management and Health, Animal Physiology, Cattle Production, Sheep and Goat Production, Pig Production, Horse Production and Livestock Farming Systems, Insects and Precision Livestock Farming.

Author: Line Hjortø Buch
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788791949739
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

View

Book Description

Author: Keith Gibson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

View

Book Description
Genetic parameters were estimated for Brown Swiss dairy cattle using a population from the United States born in 2000 and later. The data set consisted of 108,633 first through fifth lactation records from 45,464 cows for yield, somatic cell score, days open, and productive life. Approximately half of the records also had observations for 18 linear type traits and 41,074 had observations for milking speed. Heritabilities and correlations amongst yield, fitness, and type traits were evaluated with 3-trait models in ASREML with fixed effects for lactation, age, and herd-calving cluster, and random effects for animal, permanent environment, and residual. The heritabilities of milk, fat, and protein yield were 0.30, 0.20, and 0.20, respectively. The heritabilities of productive life, days open, SCS, and milking speed were 0.11, 0.03, 0.12, and 0.26, respectively. Milk, fat, and protein yield had strong positive correlations with productive life (0.67 to 0.71), days open and SCS had strong negative correlations with productive life (-0.69 and -0.60, respectively), and milking speed had a positive correlation with productive life (0.26). All three yield traits were slightly unfavorably correlated with days open, but there was little relationship found between yield traits and SCS or milking speed. Correlations of body traits with yield and fitness traits tended to be small, though dairy form was positively correlated with yield (0.31 to 0.40) and negatively correlated with days open (0.36 to 0.67). Of the feet and leg traits, mobility was most favorably correlated with yield (0.26 to 0.27) and productive life (0.50). For udder traits, yield traits were positively correlated with rear udder height and rear udder width, ranging from 0.19 to 0.48, and negatively correlated with udder depth and fore udder attachment, ranging from -0.04 to -0.40. However, udder depth and fore udder attachment were more favorably correlated with SCS (-0.26 and -0.14, respectively) than rear udder height and rear udder width (-0.02 and 0.18, respectively). Productive life was most strongly correlated with fore udder attachment, rear udder width, udder depth, and rear udder height (0.44, 0.40, 0.35, and 0.33, respectively). Due to the importance of the relationship between udder traits with yield and fitness traits, an additional analysis was performed using the same data set to create an "udder efficiency" trait for Brown Swiss cows using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The DEA assigned units, individual cows in this case, with an efficiency measure ranging from 0 to 1 based on their ability to minimize inputs and maximize outputs relative to other cows in the same herd. The sole input was the inverse of milking speed and the outputs were defined as milk, fat, and protein yield, and the inverse of somatic cell score. The most efficient cows would be those that milked quickly and produced large volumes of milk, fat, and protein with a low somatic cell score. The 40,960 udder efficiency records were derived and evaluated using 3-trait ASREML models as previously described. The heritability of udder efficiency was estimated to be 0.23 ± 0.0133. Genetic correlations with udder efficiency were positive and moderate for yield traits (0.40 to 0.42), favorable with SCS (-0.21), and strongly positive for milking speed (0.86). Udder efficiency was also strongly correlated with productive life (0.69). Of the udder traits, rear udder height (0.30), teat length (-0.28), fore udder attachment (0.25), and rear udder attachment (0.21) were most favorably correlated to udder efficiency. The correlation of udder depth with udder efficiency was 0.16. Based on these findings, DEA could be a useful and novel method for evaluating udder efficiency, helping to identify traits that enable selection for mastitis resistance without compromising yield. Results from the estimation of genetic parameters for U.S. Brown Swiss will allow for improved genetic selection for the breed.