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Author: Razie Khorshidi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beef cattle breeds Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Crossbreeding is a widely used strategy in animal breeding to benefit from complementarity and heterosis. Composite breeds are one of the products of crossbreeding in which animals maintain a stabilized combination of genetic characteristics of two or more pure breeds. Hays Converter (HC), the first registered Canadian beef breed, developed by Harry Hays in the late 1950's is defined as a composite of beef and dairy breeds. The breed is well adapted to the Western Canadian climate, calves reach market weight early, convert feed to gain efficiently, and possess qualified carcass. My first study investigated key concepts in developing composite cattle using simulation to look at improvement of indigenous Afrikaner cattle by crossing with exotic terminal sires like Charolais. The composite dams were fitter producing 7.8% more calves and their progeny performance was improved by reducing feed intake (−24.4%) and increasing meat production (+11.7%). Subsequent studies focused on the genetic characterization of the Hays Converter. First I estimated genetic parameters and trends in birth, weaning and yearling weights of HC through comparison of different multiple trait models (MTM) with a random regression model (RRM) and use of contemporary groups (CG). The results indicated similar changes along the growth trajectory for estimates of variance components, heritability and genetic correlations from the two approaches and fixed CG were preferred. Although there was a considerable reduction in genetic trends from 2004 to 2008 due to weak sire selection, trends generally increased through 2016. HC is a mixture of primarily Hereford (HER), Holstein (HOL) and Brown Swiss (BSW) with a later introgression of Angus (AN). Therefore, the third study was conducted to estimate the genomic breed composition of HC based on the entirety of its genome and chromosomal segments of equal intervals. Overall, HC genomic composition was predicted as approximately 8% AN, 51% HER, 15% BSW and 26% HOL. Diversity of breed proportions in chromosomal segments relative to whole genome was used to imply signatures of selection from HC founders. HC was developed to capture benefits from fertility and carcass traits (HER), milk production and growth potential (HOL) and strong feet and udders (BSW). AN was used to control calving difficulty in first calf heifers and it was not a foundation breed. The fourth study explored indicators of selection across the genome using Fst and runs of homozygosity (ROH). Twenty eight chromosomal segments showing over-representation of ancestral breeds relative to the entire genome were identified using Grubbs' test. Only three were detected to be under positive trend for ROH length from 1973 to 2015. Several regions of HOL, BSW or AN origin were found in these chromosomal segments through Fst ranking. These overlapped with QTLs associated with traits of body weight and milk production. However, the effects of such trends may not be meaningful as for the remaining 25 chromosomal segments, they still showed a lower Fst with HER. The use of Fst, ROH, the analysis of breed proportions and the AnimalQTL database help to interpret signatures of selection of breeds contributing to composite animals.
Author: Razie Khorshidi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beef cattle breeds Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Crossbreeding is a widely used strategy in animal breeding to benefit from complementarity and heterosis. Composite breeds are one of the products of crossbreeding in which animals maintain a stabilized combination of genetic characteristics of two or more pure breeds. Hays Converter (HC), the first registered Canadian beef breed, developed by Harry Hays in the late 1950's is defined as a composite of beef and dairy breeds. The breed is well adapted to the Western Canadian climate, calves reach market weight early, convert feed to gain efficiently, and possess qualified carcass. My first study investigated key concepts in developing composite cattle using simulation to look at improvement of indigenous Afrikaner cattle by crossing with exotic terminal sires like Charolais. The composite dams were fitter producing 7.8% more calves and their progeny performance was improved by reducing feed intake (−24.4%) and increasing meat production (+11.7%). Subsequent studies focused on the genetic characterization of the Hays Converter. First I estimated genetic parameters and trends in birth, weaning and yearling weights of HC through comparison of different multiple trait models (MTM) with a random regression model (RRM) and use of contemporary groups (CG). The results indicated similar changes along the growth trajectory for estimates of variance components, heritability and genetic correlations from the two approaches and fixed CG were preferred. Although there was a considerable reduction in genetic trends from 2004 to 2008 due to weak sire selection, trends generally increased through 2016. HC is a mixture of primarily Hereford (HER), Holstein (HOL) and Brown Swiss (BSW) with a later introgression of Angus (AN). Therefore, the third study was conducted to estimate the genomic breed composition of HC based on the entirety of its genome and chromosomal segments of equal intervals. Overall, HC genomic composition was predicted as approximately 8% AN, 51% HER, 15% BSW and 26% HOL. Diversity of breed proportions in chromosomal segments relative to whole genome was used to imply signatures of selection from HC founders. HC was developed to capture benefits from fertility and carcass traits (HER), milk production and growth potential (HOL) and strong feet and udders (BSW). AN was used to control calving difficulty in first calf heifers and it was not a foundation breed. The fourth study explored indicators of selection across the genome using Fst and runs of homozygosity (ROH). Twenty eight chromosomal segments showing over-representation of ancestral breeds relative to the entire genome were identified using Grubbs' test. Only three were detected to be under positive trend for ROH length from 1973 to 2015. Several regions of HOL, BSW or AN origin were found in these chromosomal segments through Fst ranking. These overlapped with QTLs associated with traits of body weight and milk production. However, the effects of such trends may not be meaningful as for the remaining 25 chromosomal segments, they still showed a lower Fst with HER. The use of Fst, ROH, the analysis of breed proportions and the AnimalQTL database help to interpret signatures of selection of breeds contributing to composite animals.
Author: Dorian Garrick Publisher: CABI ISBN: 1780642210 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 642
Book Description
Since the time of domestication more than 10,000 years ago, cattle have played an increasingly crucial role in the development of human civilizations. Progress has been quite remarkable since the turn of the century; the sequencing of the bovine genome in 2009 launched new avenues for furthering our understanding of theoretical and practical aspects of cattle genetics. Covering a vast array of questions, this book reviews major topics from molecular and developmental genetics, disease resistance and immunogenetics to genetic improvement of dairy and beef breeds, addressing all current problems in the field. This second edition includes a new team of authors and completely new chapters on the genetics of fat production, nutrition, feed intake and efficiency, growth and body composition. Fully updated throughout, it provides a valuable resource on cattle genetics for researchers, breeders, veterinarians and postgraduate students.
Author: Jiyuan Li Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beef cattle Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The sustainability and profitability of beef cattle production are largely associated with feed efficiency, carcass merit, and resistance to infectious diseases. These traits are difficult or expensive to measure on individual animals, which makes them suitable for genomic application. Currently accuracies of genomic prediction (a method that could predict genetic merit of animals based on DNA markers) for these traits are relatively low, hindering their uptake in beef cattle. The transcriptome and metabolome are intermediate, molecular phenotypes lying between genomic and phenotypic levels, which could be used to provide a better understanding of the genetic background of traits. They may therefore contribute to the development of more effective genomic selection strategies to further enhance genomic selection in beef cattle. In this thesis, integrative analyses of multi-omics data were applied to give insights into these questions. In the first study the genetic architecture of blood metabolites was evaluated. Eleven metabolites with heritability estimates ranging from 0.09 ± 0.15 to 0.36 ± 0.15 were found. Several regions were identified that explained a small proportion of heritable genetic variation (0.62% - 4.21%). These results provided evidence for genetic variation of blood metabolites in beef cattle, and baseline information for research into the utilization of plasma metabolites for genetic improvement of beef cattle. Secondly, multiple metabolites were found to be associated with feed efficiency and carcass merit traits. Combining the results of metabolome-genome-wide association analysis identified many significant SNPs and candidate genes associated with these traits. Functional SNPs and genes are recommended to be included in SNP panels to improve the accuracy of genomic evaluation and prediction. Additionally, candidate genes were subjected to functional enrichment analyses. Several significant biological processes and networks such as lipid metabolism were identified to be associated with these important traits, which could assist preselection or prioritizing of SNPs used in genomic prediction models. In general, the integrative analysis of genomic and metabolomic data sheds light on how genes affect phenotypes by modifying the synthesis or degradation of related metabolites and improves understanding of genetic influence on phenotypes. Lastly, transcriptomic and genotypic data were analyzed to study the genetics of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), the most common and costly infectious disease of beef cattle in North America. BRD susceptibility showed a moderate heritability (0.43 ± 0.51) in feedlot cattle. Two significant SNPs were identified to be associated with BRD susceptibility and 101 genes which were mainly involved in inflammatory response were differentially expressed (DE) in BRD and non-BRD animals. A total of 420 cis-expression quantitative loci (cis-eQTLs) and 144 trans-eQTLs were associated with the expression of the DE genes. Investigations into the relationship between different omics levels, revealed effect of genotype on gene expression and their roles in the host immune responses and disease susceptibility. Transcriptomic biomarkers with high accuracy and reliability to predict BRD status were identified which could be used to help diagnose BRD in feedlots. In conclusion, this multi-omics integrative analysis exhibits advantages in the interpretation of previous GWAS results, identification of functional SNP and genetic mechanisms as well as understanding of biological processes associated with expression of beef cattle traits which could enhance genomic prediction and disease diagnosis.
Author: Britta Folmer Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128035587 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 558
Book Description
The Craft and Science of Coffee follows the coffee plant from its origins in East Africa to its current role as a global product that influences millions of lives though sustainable development, economics, and consumer desire.For most, coffee is a beloved beverage. However, for some it is also an object of scientifically study, and for others it is approached as a craft, both building on skills and experience. By combining the research and insights of the scientific community and expertise of the crafts people, this unique book brings readers into a sustained and inclusive conversation, one where academic and industrial thought leaders, coffee farmers, and baristas are quoted, each informing and enriching each other.This unusual approach guides the reader on a journey from coffee farmer to roaster, market analyst to barista, in a style that is both rigorous and experience based, universally relevant and personally engaging. From on-farming processes to consumer benefits, the reader is given a deeper appreciation and understanding of coffee's complexity and is invited to form their own educated opinions on the ever changing situation, including potential routes to further shape the coffee future in a responsible manner. - Presents a novel synthesis of coffee research and real-world experience that aids understanding, appreciation, and potential action - Includes contributions from a multitude of experts who address complex subjects with a conversational approach - Provides expert discourse on the coffee calue chain, from agricultural and production practices, sustainability, post-harvest processing, and quality aspects to the economic analysis of the consumer value proposition - Engages with the key challenges of future coffee production and potential solutions
Author: Mihail C. Roco Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401703590 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 477
Book Description
M. C. Roco and W.S. Bainbridge In the early decades of the 21st century, concentrated efforts can unify science based on the unity of nature, thereby advancing the combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, converging in human abilities, societal technologies could achieve a tremendous improvement outcomes, the nation's productivity, and the quality of life. This is a broad, cross cutting, emerging and timely opportunity of interest to individuals, society and humanity in the long term. The phrase "convergent technologies" refers to the synergistic combination of four major "NBIC" (nano-bio-info-cogno) provinces of science and technology, each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate: (a) nanoscience and nanotechnology; (b) biotechnology and biomedicine, including genetic engineering; (c) information technology, including advanced computing and communications; (d) cognitive science, including cognitive neuroscience. Timely and Broad Opportunity. Convergence of diverse technologies is based on material unity at the nanoscale and on technology integration from that scale.
Author: Razie Khorshidi
Author: Razie Khorshidi
Author: Allison Fleming
Author: Tiago do Prado Paim
Author: Dorian Garrick
Author: Xiao-Lin Wu
Author: 
Author: Jiyuan Li
Author: Dixon D. Hubbard
Author: Britta Folmer
Author: Mihail C. Roco