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Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 246
Book Description
The three chapters in this dissertation discuss and test fuzzy-trace theory's account of riskychoice framing effects. This account predicts that risky-choice framing effects occur because of reliance on meaningful, categorical gist representations as opposed to rote, verbatim representations. The second chapter reviews fuzzy-trace theory's account of decision making from a developmental and memory perspective. This chapter covers the main principles of fuzzy-trace theory, including independent verbatim and gist representations, the development of these memory processes, task calibration, and the fuzzy-processing preference. This chapter also presents evidence that supports increasing reliance on gist with expertise, by covering work that demonstrated larger framing effects among intelligence agents as compared to college students. Finally, the chapter makes theoretical and empirical connections between the role of gist in framing and its role in false memory. The third chapter tests mechanisms hypothesized to underlie within-subject risky-choice framing effects. Within-subject framing effects occur when an individual demonstrates a preference reversal across both gain and loss frames. This chapter examines the role of the goal of cognitive consistency in framing, discovering that activation of this goal encourages subjects to remain more consistent with the initially presented frame. Second, this chapter shows that higher numeracy predicts smaller within-subject framing i whereas higher categorical gist thinking predicts larger framing effects, despite the fact that both measures correlate positively with each other. Finally, we show how true and false memory relate to within-subject framing, with acceptance of targets (representing individual differences in verbatim processing) supporting resistance to framing and false memory (representing individual differences in gist-based "false" memory) supporting larger framing effects. The fourth chapter compares traditional dual-process theories' predictions to those of fuzzy-trace theory regarding the roles of decision confidence and memory for numerical problem information in predicting between-subject framing effects. Whereas traditional dual-process theories predict that framing effects occur because of reliance on fast, associative processes, fuzzy-trace theory predicts -and results confirm-- that framing effects are due to meaningful gist-based intuition. ii.
Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 246
Book Description
The three chapters in this dissertation discuss and test fuzzy-trace theory's account of riskychoice framing effects. This account predicts that risky-choice framing effects occur because of reliance on meaningful, categorical gist representations as opposed to rote, verbatim representations. The second chapter reviews fuzzy-trace theory's account of decision making from a developmental and memory perspective. This chapter covers the main principles of fuzzy-trace theory, including independent verbatim and gist representations, the development of these memory processes, task calibration, and the fuzzy-processing preference. This chapter also presents evidence that supports increasing reliance on gist with expertise, by covering work that demonstrated larger framing effects among intelligence agents as compared to college students. Finally, the chapter makes theoretical and empirical connections between the role of gist in framing and its role in false memory. The third chapter tests mechanisms hypothesized to underlie within-subject risky-choice framing effects. Within-subject framing effects occur when an individual demonstrates a preference reversal across both gain and loss frames. This chapter examines the role of the goal of cognitive consistency in framing, discovering that activation of this goal encourages subjects to remain more consistent with the initially presented frame. Second, this chapter shows that higher numeracy predicts smaller within-subject framing i whereas higher categorical gist thinking predicts larger framing effects, despite the fact that both measures correlate positively with each other. Finally, we show how true and false memory relate to within-subject framing, with acceptance of targets (representing individual differences in verbatim processing) supporting resistance to framing and false memory (representing individual differences in gist-based "false" memory) supporting larger framing effects. The fourth chapter compares traditional dual-process theories' predictions to those of fuzzy-trace theory regarding the roles of decision confidence and memory for numerical problem information in predicting between-subject framing effects. Whereas traditional dual-process theories predict that framing effects occur because of reliance on fast, associative processes, fuzzy-trace theory predicts -and results confirm-- that framing effects are due to meaningful gist-based intuition. ii.
Author: Ray Crozier Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1134726783 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 272
Book Description
This book offers an exciting new collection of recent research on the actual processes that humans use when making decisions in their everyday lives and in business situations. The contributors use cognitive psychological techniques to break down the constituent processes and set them in their social context. The contributors are from many different countries and draw upon a wide range of techniques, making this book a valuable resource to cognitive psychologists in applied settings, economists and managers.
Author: Nataliya Rubinchik Publisher: ISBN: Category : Decision making Languages : en Pages : 104
Book Description
A meta-study is a collection of many very small studies, called micro-studies, based on one core design. Meta-studies address many disadvanta7ges of meta-analyses and provide a possible solution for the replication crisis in research. In addition to addressing the problems related to meta-analyses, meta-studies provide several unique advantages to conducting research, specifically by testing the limits of generalizability and by having higher statistical power than a traditional design of the same total sample size. As a demonstration of the methodology, we conducted two meta-studies of the risky-choice gain-loss framing effect. In addition to replicating many past findings involving the framing effect, we also found two novel results, one of which was particularly surprising. One novel result was the nonlinear moderation of the framing effect by extreme probabilities (e.g., 1% and 99%). Participants were less likely to exhibit the framing effect when presented with extreme probabilities than when presented with moderate probabilities. The surprising novel result was that the framing effect doubled in size when participants were presented with a slightly risky option instead of a certain option. This result is contradictory to both Prospect Theory and Fuzzy Trace Theory predictions.
Author: Maggie E. Toplak Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317265327 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 239
Book Description
Children face an overwhelming amount of information and a range of different choices every day, and so there has never been a more important time to understand how children learn to make judgments and decisions in our modern world. Individual Differences in Judgment and Decision-Making presents cutting-edge developmental research to advance our knowledge and understanding of how these competencies emerge. Focusing on the role of individual differences, the text provides a complementary theoretical approach to understanding the development of judgment and decision-making skills, and how and why these competencies vary within and between different periods of development. Sampling a diverse set of developmental paradigms and measures, as well as considering typical and atypically developing samples, this volume provokes thinking about how we can support our children and youth to help them make better choices. Drawing on the expertise of a range of international contributors, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of thinking and reasoning from both cognitive and developmental psychology backgrounds.
Author: Henry Markovits Publisher: ISBN: 9781315856568 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Logical thinking is a critically important cognitive skill. It is not just essential for mathematical and scientific understanding, it is also of prime importance when trying to navigate our complex and increasingly sophisticated world. Written by world class researchers in the field, The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-Making describes the ways that children learn to reason, and how reasoning can be used to overcome the influence of beliefs and intuitions. The chapters in this edited collection focus on the new, revolutionary paradigm in reasoning and cover the recent research on the development of reasoning in two important areas: Cognitive abilities required to reason well and how these abilities develop in children and adolescents. Recent empirical data showing the effect intuition and prior belief have on reasoning, even when the outcome is inappropriate. Different theoretical and empirical perspectives from recent Piagetian theory, mental models and gist processing are examined, along with empirical results looking at specific aspects of reasoning in children. The key theme of the book is to better understand how reasoning develops not only through examining 'logical' reasoning, but also the nature of the interactions between people's intuitions and their reasoning abilities. The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-Making provides an overview of the main theories and key empirical results related to the development of reasoning and should be of particular interest to students and researchers in developmental psychology and education, along with those in cognitive psychology.
Author: Kazuhisa Takemura Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811654530 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 389
Book Description
This book is the second edition of Behavioral Decision Theory, published in 2014. The main approach and structure of this book have been retained in the new edition. However, this second edition provides a fresh overview of the idea of behavioral decision theory and related research findings such as theoretical and empirical discoveries of preference formation, time discounting, social interaction, and social decision making. The book covers a wide range from classical to relatively recent major studies concerning behavioral decision theory, which, in brief, is a general term for descriptive theories to explain the psychological knowledge related to people’s decision-making behavior. It is called a theory but is actually a combination of various psychological theories, for which no axiomatic systems—such as those associated with the utility theory widely used in economics—have been established. The utility theory is often limited to qualitative knowledge; however, as the studies of Nobel laureates H. A. Simon, D. Kahneman, and R. Thaler have suggested, the psychological methodology and knowledge of behavioral decision theory have been applied widely in such fields as economics, business administration, and engineering and are expected to become even more useful in the future. Research into people’s decision making represents an important part in those fields, various aspects of which overlap with the scope of behavioral decision theory. This theory is closely related to behavioral economics and behavioral finance, which have come into greater use in recent years. This book will appeal especially to graduate students, advanced undergraduate students, and researchers who are interested in decision-making phenomena.
Author: Jill Graper Hernandez Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 1441166572 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 267
Book Description
Since the 2004 publication of his book The Good in the Right, Robert Audi has been at the forefront of the current resurgence of interest in intuitionism - the idea that human beings have an intuitive sense of right and wrong - in ethics. The New Intuitionism brings together some of the world's most important contemporary writers from such diverse fields as metaethics, epistemology and moral psychology to explore the latest implications of, and challenges to, Audi's work. The book also includes an opening chapter that surveys the development of contemporary intuitionism and a conclusion that lays the ground for future developments and debates both written by Audi himself, making this an essential survey of this important school of ethical thought for anyone working in the field.
Author: Nick Chater Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0199216096 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 535
Book Description
The Probabilistic Mind is a follow-up to the influential and highly cited Rational Models of Cognition (OUP, 1998). It brings together developmetns in understanding how, and how far, high-level cognitive processes can be understood in rational terms, and particularly using probabilistic Bayesian methods.
Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin
Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin
Author: John Vincent Fulginiti
Author: Ray Crozier
Author: Nataliya Rubinchik
Author: Sandra L. Schneider
Author: Maggie E. Toplak
Author: Henry Markovits
Author: Kazuhisa Takemura
Author: Jill Graper Hernandez
Author: Nick Chater