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Author: Hans-Jürgen Hartfuß Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527676244 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 429
Book Description
Filling a gap in the literature, this introduction to the topic covers the physics of the standard microwave diagnostics established on modern fusion experiments, and the necessary technological background from the field of microwave engineering. Written by well-known mm-wave diagnosticians in the field of fusion physics, the textbook includes such major diagnostic techniques as electron cyclotron emission, interferometry, reflectometry, polarimetry, and scattering.
Author: Hans-Jürgen Hartfuß Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527676244 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 429
Book Description
Filling a gap in the literature, this introduction to the topic covers the physics of the standard microwave diagnostics established on modern fusion experiments, and the necessary technological background from the field of microwave engineering. Written by well-known mm-wave diagnosticians in the field of fusion physics, the textbook includes such major diagnostic techniques as electron cyclotron emission, interferometry, reflectometry, polarimetry, and scattering.
Author: H. J. Hartfuss Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group ISBN: 9780750308045 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
Providing an introduction to the propagation of EM waves in plasma, this book proceeds to discuss the analysis of plasmas using mm wavelength radiation, describing several experimental techniques frequently encountered in research.
Author: Xiangyu Kong Publisher: ISBN: 9781303153808 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
To realize fusion plant, the very first step is to understand the fundamental physics of materials under fusion conditions, i.e. to understand fusion plasmas. Our research group, Plasma Diagnostics Group, focuses on developing advanced tools for physicists to extract as much information as possible from fusion plasmas at millions degrees. The Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostics is a very useful tool invented in this group to study fusion plasma electron temperature and it fluctuations. This dissertation presents millimeter wave imaging technology advances recently developed in this group to improve the ECEI system. New technologies made it more powerful to image and visualize magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) activities and micro-turbulence in fusion plasmas.Topics of particular emphasis start from development of miniaturized elliptical substrate lens array. This novel substrate lens array replaces the previous generation substrate lens, hyper-hemispherical substrate lens, in terms of geometry. From the optical performance perspective, this substitution not only significantly simplifies the optical system with improved optical coupling, but also enhances the RF/LO coupling efficiency. By the benefit of the mini lens focusing properties, a wideband dual-dipole antenna array is carefully designed and developed. The new antenna array is optimized simultaneously for receiving both RF and LO, with sharp radiation patterns, low side-lobe levels, and less crosstalk between adjacent antennas. In addition, a high frequency antenna is also developed, which extends the frequency limit from 145 GHz to 220 GHz. This type of antenna will be used on high field operation tokamaks with toroidal fields in excess of 3 Tesla.Another important technology advance is so-called extended bandwidth double down-conversion electronics. This new electronics extends the instantaneous IF coverage from 2 to 9.2 GHz to 2 to 16.4 GHz. From the plasma point of view, it means that the instantaneous spatial coverage is doubled without compromising the spatial resolution. Other related technology advances, including frequency selective surfaces, beam splitters, ultra wideband baluns, pre-amplification scheme, are addressed in less detail. Finally, the Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) radiometer system on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is discussed.
Author: Liubing Yu Publisher: ISBN: 9781321024807 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
To tackle the energy shortage problems that we are facing, many scientists are trying to achieve controlled fusion to provide clean and sustainable energy. Many large Tokamaks, which is the most promising device concept, have been built worldwide and three of them (DIII-D, NSTX, C-Mod) are currently in operation in the U.S. To understand the details of magnetic fusion plasma physics, a variety of microwave diagnostics are applied to measure the plasma properties from the millions of degrees plasma in a nonperturbative fashion. Our research group, the Plasma Diagnostics Group, under the Davis MM-Wave Research Center (DMRC), focuses on developing advanced microwave diagnostic tools. The Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostic, a passive radiometric microwave diagnostic, is an extremely useful imaging tool invented in this group to study electron temperature and its fluctuations. The Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR) technique is also another imaging tool pioneered in this group, and its purpose is to study electron density fluctuations using an imaging radar approach. Finally, the Far Infrared Tangential Interferometry/ Polarimetry (FIReTIP) system is a density and magnetic field diagnostic tool. This dissertation introduces the principles, structure, recent technology advances, and some physical studies concerning these three systems. The combined ECEI and MIR systems on the DIII-D (located at General Atomics in San Diego) provide simultaneous electron temperature and density fluctuation imaging at the same plasma volume. The ECEI system consists of two major parts: the optical and array system, which images and downconverts the millimeter wave ECE radiation, and the electronics, which detects the radiation power in each designed band. This dissertation concerns two recent upgrades made by our group: one is the use of the zero bias Schottky detectors in the IF electronics which has greatly decreased the noise level, and the other is the expanded radial coverage which doubles the radial view in the plasma. For the MIR system, the synthetic diagnostic modeling has guided the very successful optic and array design; some details concerning the transmitter, receiver, and electronics are presented. In this dissertation, several methods for the ECEI/MIR time calibration were conceived, applied, and compared; in addition, the ECEI and MIR systems are also time calibrated with respect to two other important diagnostics, the ECE radiometer and magnetic fluctuation diagnostic systems.Intense bursts of mm-wave emission with durations of 5-10 [mu]s have been observed on DIII-D by both ECE radiometer and ECEI systems during edge localized modes, Quiet H-mode (QH) modes, and the precursor before disruptions. Both the ECE radiometer system and the ECEI system employ heterodyne detection methods and have overlapping intermediate frequency (IF) bands. A new RF spectrometer, spanning this IF frequency range of approximately 2-10 GHz, has been installed on the DIII-D tokamak in order to more fully characterize the frequency, intensity, and localization of these bursts. Herein, the data for the H mode case and QH-mode case will be discussed and scrutinized in order to constrain the needed model to explain the bursts. As a trial model, the Cyclotron AutoResonance Maser (CARM) and Gyro-BWO models are proposed to explain these bursts, which require further theory, experimental, and simulation support. The multichannel FIReTIP system provides line-integrated plasma density and magnetic information from multiple viewing chords on the midplane of the NSTX device. Extremely wide bandwidth phase comparator electronics for the FIReTIP system were developed and installed on the NSTX device in 2009. This allows the system video bandwidth, previously limited to ~250 kHz, to extend out to ~500 kHz when operated as a simultaneous interferometer/polarimeter system and as high as 4 MHz when operated in an interferometry-only configuration. The new electronics provides simultaneous interferometer phase measurement data using two distinct phase comparator methods. The first is a digital fringe counter (FC) approach limited to a video bandwidth of ~500 kHz, while the second is an analog demodulator or in-phase and quadrature (IQ) approach that achieves the full 4 MHz video bandwidth. New algorithms have been developed to process the FIReTIP data for both regular (post-shot) and real-time density calculations, with reliability checks conducted using laser Thompson Scattering data where available.
Author: E. Sindoni Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483280500 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 722
Book Description
Diagnostics for Fusion Experiments provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of plasma physics. This book presents the requirement in measuring electron and ion temperatures at the multi-key level. Organized into four parts encompassing 36 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the principles and methods by which analysis of the fast neutrals obtained by charge exchange in the plasma volume can be utilized to obtain the plasma ion temperature. This text then examines the use of active particle beam systems in plasma diagnostics. Other chapters consider the source function for production of fast neutrals in Tokamak plasma. This book discusses as well the special diagnostic needs of mirror machines, with focus on diagnostics involving the higher-power neutral beams used with them. The final chapter deals with the standard mirror fission-fusion hybrid, tandem mirror, and the field-reversed mirror. This book is a valuable resource for experimental physicists and research workers.
Author: Jiali Lai Publisher: ISBN: 9781303539343 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
In recent years, growing energy requirements have placed severe stress on our current energy infrastructure and serious atmospheric problems caused by traditional fossil sources are attracting increasing attention throughout the world. Under these circumstances, fusion energy stands out as a promising solution to the energy problem. The tokamak is a torus shaped device that scientists have invented to duplicate the fusion process on stars for the earth. Due to the extremely high temperature necessary for the operation of this device, everything is ionized and becomes plasma, which makes the interior environment extremely complex thereby necessitating remote measurements with millimeter wave imaging of particular importance. Currently, there are two imaging systems under development at UC Davis: Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) and Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR). Although they have already proven to be extremely successful, the current systems are still not fully optimized and improvements are desired. Three major improvements have resulted from the author's work in this dissertation.The first part originates in the author's Master's thesis on extending the bandwidth of the ECEI system. With the carefully designed multi-modules, the frequency coverage and therefore the horizontal plasma coverage of the system can be doubled. Further improvement of the low pass filter in the frequency extender is performed. A better design exhibits smaller size, lower insertion loss, and improved return loss and out-of-band rejection, compared to the previous design. The second improvement concerns an important component in an imaging system: the antennas. The current antennas are dual dipole antennas, which require baluns to convert their balanced output into unbalanced output, which introduces extra loss and noise. This is not desired, especially in ECEI systems since the blackbody radiation from the plasma is already weak and the noise temperature of the receiving system is extremely high. Newly designed slot dual dipole antennas with balanced output remove the necessity of the balun while maintaining the good antenna patterns and bandwidth of the current antennas. The final improvement concerns the realization of millimeter wave pre-amplification which will benefit both the ECEI and MIR systems. The down conversion occurs on mixer/antennas directly in the current systems, which causes extremely high noise temperature. Newly designed slot antennas integrated with flip chip low noise amplifiers and diodes form a new mixing system with pre-amplification which will significantly reduce the noise temperature. Measurement results verify a decrease of noise temperature from about 60,000 K for the current ECEI system to about 4,000 K, which will make the calibration of the ECEI system much easier. Furthermore, the LO power required for mixing is lowered with pre-amplification, which will potentially enable more channels for the MIR system since the total LO power is limited.
Author: Orlando Auciello Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 1483288072 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 349
Book Description
Plasmas and their interaction with materials have become subjects of major interest because of their importance in modern forefront technologies such as microelectronics, fusion energy, and space. Plasmas are used in microelectronics to process semiconductors (etching of patterns for microcircuits, plasma-induced deposition of thin films, etc.); plasmas produce deleterious erosion effects on surfaces of materials used for fusion devices and spaceships exposed to the low earth environment.Diagnostics of plasmas and materials exposed to them are fundamental to the understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena involved. Plasma Diagnostics provides a comprehensive treatment of the subject.short version, TJE_Plasmas and their interaction with materials have become subjects of major interest because of their importance in modern forefront technologies such as microelectronics, fusion energy, and space. Diagnostics of plasmas and materials exposed to them are fundamental to the understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena involved. Plasma Diagnostics provides a comprehensive treatment of the subject.
Author: I. Podgornyi Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1468407244 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 225
Book Description
The present volume is essentially a qualitative survey of modern trends in the diagnostics of high-temperature plasmas, with particular orientation toward laboratory plasmas of interest in connection with research in controlled thermonuclear fusion. Among the broad topics considered are probe diagnostics, optical methods (including the use of lasers and holography), microwave diagnostics, and diagnostics with particle beams. Having infor mation on these methods available in compact form and in one place, as is the case in the present volume, should make it pos sible to evaluate different diagnostic approaches to specific prob lems. The volume will be useful as an introduction for advanced students making their first contact with experimental plasma physics and for physicists and engineers who are entering the field and desire a rapid survey of principles and modern trends in the diagnostics of high-temperature plasmas. v Foreword to the American Edition The material in this book is based on lectures given at Mos cow State University. It is intended to acquaint the reader with the basic aspects of plasma diagnostics and contains information re quired for the experimental physicist who wishes to carry out straightforward measurements of laboratory plasmas. It will be evident that in choosing the material we have been guided pri marily by the scientific interests of the author, and the great bulk of the material is based on work carried out in the USSR.
Author: Hans-Jürgen Hartfuß
Author: Hans-Jürgen Hartfuß
Author: H. J. Hartfuss
Author: Xiangyu Kong
Author: Mark A. Heald
Author: Liubing Yu
Author: E. Sindoni
Author: Jiali Lai
Author: Orlando Auciello
Author: I. Podgornyi
Author: Hyeon Keo Park