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Author: Yonas Goitom Niguse Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
Research on alternative fuel combustion systems is important to address global energy and environmental concerns. Renewable fuels, such as biofuels have attracted significant attention as potential sources to achieve energy security and to tackle environmental issues. However, these alternatives haven't yet been fully utilized because much of the existing combustion systems are set up for traditional fossil-fuels. This study focuses on fuel-flexible combustion of diesel, vegetable oil (VO) and glycerol fuels by a novel technique of twin-fluid atomization known as Flow Blurring (FB) atomization, at different operating pressures. The first part of this study discusses scalability considerations of FB atomization, with an objective to develop a scaled-up fuel-flexible combustor. Several scaling parameters that affect the processes of atomization, fuel-air mixing, and combustion are analyzed to select scaling criteria for all components of the combustor. A scaled-up 60-kWth capacity combustor is developed and experimentally investigated using diesel and VO fuels. Results show that the scaled-up system's performance is comparable to the small scale system in terms of flame appearance, emission levels, and static flame stability. Next, the scaled-up system's combustion performance with glycerol fuel is investigated in laboratory and at industrial test site. Glycerol is extremely difficult to atomize because of its high viscosity. The lab combustor was able to burn glycerol cleanly, with low CO and NOx emissions. At industrial test site, combustion experiments with 40% methane and 60% glycerol resulted in stable flame. Next, effect of operating pressure on flame characteristics and injector pressure drop is experimentally investigated with diesel, at pressures ranging from 101.3 kPa to 450 kPa. Normalized pressure drop across the injector increased with increase in atomizing air flow rate and decreased with increase in pressure. An increase in chamber pressure resulted in increase in CO levels and decrease in NOx emissions. Increase in pressure also produced less lifted flames with increased yellow zones. Finally, combustion performance of VO is investigated at elevated pressures. Compared to diesel, VO produced larger flames exhibiting more distributed combustion and lower NOx emissions. At high pressures diesel flames contained significantly higher portions of yellow or sooty regions compared to VO.
Author: Yonas Goitom Niguse Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
Research on alternative fuel combustion systems is important to address global energy and environmental concerns. Renewable fuels, such as biofuels have attracted significant attention as potential sources to achieve energy security and to tackle environmental issues. However, these alternatives haven't yet been fully utilized because much of the existing combustion systems are set up for traditional fossil-fuels. This study focuses on fuel-flexible combustion of diesel, vegetable oil (VO) and glycerol fuels by a novel technique of twin-fluid atomization known as Flow Blurring (FB) atomization, at different operating pressures. The first part of this study discusses scalability considerations of FB atomization, with an objective to develop a scaled-up fuel-flexible combustor. Several scaling parameters that affect the processes of atomization, fuel-air mixing, and combustion are analyzed to select scaling criteria for all components of the combustor. A scaled-up 60-kWth capacity combustor is developed and experimentally investigated using diesel and VO fuels. Results show that the scaled-up system's performance is comparable to the small scale system in terms of flame appearance, emission levels, and static flame stability. Next, the scaled-up system's combustion performance with glycerol fuel is investigated in laboratory and at industrial test site. Glycerol is extremely difficult to atomize because of its high viscosity. The lab combustor was able to burn glycerol cleanly, with low CO and NOx emissions. At industrial test site, combustion experiments with 40% methane and 60% glycerol resulted in stable flame. Next, effect of operating pressure on flame characteristics and injector pressure drop is experimentally investigated with diesel, at pressures ranging from 101.3 kPa to 450 kPa. Normalized pressure drop across the injector increased with increase in atomizing air flow rate and decreased with increase in pressure. An increase in chamber pressure resulted in increase in CO levels and decrease in NOx emissions. Increase in pressure also produced less lifted flames with increased yellow zones. Finally, combustion performance of VO is investigated at elevated pressures. Compared to diesel, VO produced larger flames exhibiting more distributed combustion and lower NOx emissions. At high pressures diesel flames contained significantly higher portions of yellow or sooty regions compared to VO.
Author: Lulin Jiang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 207
Book Description
Diminishing fossil fuel resources, ever-increasing energy cost, and the mounting concerns for environmental emissions have precipitated worldwide research on alternative fuels. Biodiesel, a popular renewable energy source, is produced from the transesterification process of source oils such as vegetable oil (VO) requiring processing cost and energy input. However, highly viscous glycerol produced as the waste byproduct also decreases the economically viability of biodiesel. Previous studies show that without fuel preheating or hardware modification, high viscosity fuels such as VO and glycerol cannot be burnt cleanly with the application of the typical air blast (AB) injector due to the high viscosity. However, extremely low emissions of diesel, kerosene, biodiesel, straight VO and glycerol flames at the combustor exit are reported using a novel flow blurring (FB) injector. The PDPA measurements in the FB sprays at least 1.0 cm downstream of the injector exit quantitatively show the superior fuel-flexibility and atomization capability of the FB injector as compared to the AB atomizer. This study seeks to gain insight into the detailed flame structure of both conventional and alternative fuels atomized by the FB injector. The atomization mechanism in the FB injector near field is also investigated using a high speed imaging technique and particle image velocimetry (PIV) to explore the FB spray characteristics in the near field of the injector. First, the combustion of diesel, biodiesel and straight vegetable oil (VO) using a Flow Blurring (FB) injector is investigated. Measurements of gas temperature and CO and NOx concentrations at various axial and radial locations of the combustor are acquired using custom-designed thermocouple and gas sampling probes. Heat loss rate through the combustor is estimated from wall temperatures measured by an infra-red camera. A simple droplet model is used to predict fuel vaporization behaviour in the dark-region near the injector exit. Results show that the FB injector produced low-emission clean blue flames indicating mainly premixed combustion for all three fuels. Matching profiles of heat loss rate and product gas temperature show that the combustion efficiency is fuel independent. Next, a fuel-flexible dual-fuel combustor to simultaneously burn methane and/or straight glycerol without preheating either glycerol or air is investigated by utilizing a FB liquid fuel injector. Product gas temperature, NOX and CO emissions at multiple locations inside the combustor are measured to quantitatively assess the flame structure, related to liquid atomization, droplet evaporation, and fuel-air mixing in the near field. The impact of fuel mix and air to liquid mass ratio (ALR) on combustion performance is investigated. Pure glycerol flame is also investigated to demonstrate the fuel flexibility and ease of switching between gas and liquid fuels in the present system. Results show that the methane combustion can assist glycerol vaporization to results in its rapid oxidation. In spite of the differences in the flame structure, profiles of product gas temperature and emissions at the combustor exit reveal that complete and mainly lean premixed combustion with low emissions is achieved for all of the test cases indicating excellent fuel flexibility of the present combustor using the FB injector. Next, high-speed visualization and time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques are employed to investigate the FB spray in the near field of the injector to delineate the underlying mechanisms of atomization. Experiments are performed using water as the liquid and air as the atomizing gas. Flow visualization at the injector exit focused on field of view with the dimension of 2.3 mm x 1.4 mm, spatial resolution of 7.16 æm per pixel, exposure time of 1 æs, and image acquisition rate of 100 k frames per second (fps). Image sequence illustrates mostly fine droplets indicating that primary breakup by FB atomization occurs within the injector. Few larger droplets appearing at the injector periphery undergo secondary breakup by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Time-resolved PIV technique is applied to quantify the droplet dynamics in the injector near field. Plots of instantaneous, mean, and root-mean-square droplet velocities are presented to reveal the secondary breakup process. Results show that the secondary atomization process to produce fine and stable spray is complete within a short distance of about 5.0 mm from the injector exit. These superior characteristics of the FB injector are desirable to achieve clean combustion of different fuels in practical systems. The impact of ALR shows that the increase in ALR improves both primary FB atomization and secondary atomization in the near field. Next, glycerol atomization in the near field of the FB injector is investigated in detail. Time-resolved PIV with exposure time of 1 ms and laser pulse rate of 15 kHz is utilized to probe the glycerol spray at spatial resolution of 16.83 æm per pixel. PIV results describe the droplet dynamics in terms of the instantaneous, mean, and root-mean-square (RMS) velocities, and space-time analysis and probability distribution profiles of the axial velocity. In addition, high-speed imaging (75 kHz) coupled with backside lighting is applied to reveal the glycerol breakup process at spatial resolution of 7.16 æm per pixel and exposure time of 1 æs. Results show that the primary breakup by FB atomization or bubble explosion within the injector results in a combination of slow-moving streaks and fast-moving droplets at the injector exit. Then, the secondary breakup by Rayleigh-Taylor instability occurs at farther downstream locations where the high-velocity atomizing air stretches the streaks into thin streaks that disintegrate into smaller streaks, and subsequently, into fine droplets. Thus, within a short distance downstream of the injector exit (
Author: Suvanjan Bhattacharyya Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811969701 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 541
Book Description
This book presents the select proceedings of the 48th National Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power (FMFP 2021) held at BITS Pilani in December 2021. It covers the topics such as fluid mechanics, measurement techniques in fluid flows, computational fluid dynamics, instability, transition and turbulence, fluid‐structure interaction, multiphase flows, micro- and nanoscale transport, bio-fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, turbomachinery, propulsion and power. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals interested in the broad field of mechanics.
Author: William Henry Booth Publisher: Legare Street Press ISBN: 9781020357992 Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Liquid Fuel and Its Combustion is a pioneering work in the field of mechanical engineering. Booth provides a thorough and detailed analysis of the properties of liquid fuels and the mechanisms of their combustion. His insights have been foundational to the development of modern engines and combustion technology. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author: William H. Booth Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9781334191619 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 438
Book Description
Excerpt from Liquid Fuel and Its Combustion The difference is but one of degree, but with liquid fuel the fact that all the fuel is oating, and would produce a Specially foul black smoke under the conditions in which coal is burned, has compelled the adoption of means that ought to be adopted with coal-fired furnaces. The Author has endeavoured to connect the two practices, for in the present state of liquid fuel supply it is more than probable that its use will be parallel with the use of coal, especially in dealing with the sudden and high load peaks of electric stations. Liquid fuel cannot be universal unless the supply increases to many times what it is at present, and this points to a good future for the mixed system of firing, oil and coal being burned together in the same furnace. It has been difficult to make a selection of apparatus to be described, but the Author trusts that he has selected a sufficient number of types practically to cover the ground and show the general trend of practice without unduly multiplying examples. Indeed the tendency seems to him to be in the direction of one general type. As regards special boilers, Oil does not appear to require anything more than what is required by coal, though coal is not treated to the necessary appliances, and oil is so treated, and gains success where coal is allowed to fail. Much that perhaps ought to appear in such a book as this has been omitted, as it appears to the Author that the question of draught, for example, is not of the same importance with liquid fuel as it is with solid fuels. More might be said on the subject of ue-gas proportion, but this again has been so fully treated by other writers that it did not seem desirable at present to deal with it more fully. The most important detail of liquid fuel 'apparatus is the furnace and the provision of air, and of means to secure combustion and conserve temperature to enable combustion to be made perfect. Mr. Horace Allen kindly revised the section on gas analysis. Students of liquid fuel combustion will find enormous masses of information in the past volumes of the Engineer, Engineering, and other technical papers. Much of this information is duplicated and historical, and the Author has found it necessary to eliminate almost all such matter and confine his space to systems now living or of recent use, or of a form recognized as useful to-day. Undoubtedly Aydon and the late Admiral Selwyn did much to urge the use of liquid fuel, but the latter injured the value of his best work by regarding steam as a combustible. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works."
Author: William Newton D 1922 Best Publisher: Legare Street Press ISBN: 9781019767283 Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This practical guide to burning liquid fuel was originally published in 1898. Drawing on his extensive experience with gas and oil engines, the author provides detailed instructions on how to design, install, and maintain a variety of liquid fuel systems. With its clear explanations and helpful illustrations, this book is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the technology of combustion engines. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author: Moore Harold Publisher: Sagwan Press ISBN: 9781376911053 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 250
Book Description
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author: Yonas Goitom Niguse
Author: Yonas Goitom Niguse
Author: Lulin Jiang
Author: Suvanjan Bhattacharyya
Author: A. A. Putnam
Author: William Henry Booth
Author: William Newton Best
Author: Dr. Kuehn
Author: William H. Booth
Author: William Newton D 1922 Best
Author: Moore Harold