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Author: Steven Michael Estrada Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Risky decision making, and how it changes over the lifespan, is important for theory and public policy. Studies examining decision making from childhood through adolescence on to adulthood have rarely examined choice on the same task. However, this is crucial in order to fully understand the factors that affect decisions through development and to make defensible comparisons. A framing task was administered to groups of 2nd graders (n = 31), adolescents (n = 35), and adults (n = 41). Of interest is how factors affected choices between a sure option and an option that involved risk. In addition to choices, ratings were elicited on a 7-point smiley-face scale to indicate degree of preference. Factors that were examined include frame (gain, loss), risk (.5, .67, and .75), reward magnitude ( $5 , $20, and $150), induced and measured mood of the decision maker (positive, neutral, or negative), and the decision makers' optimism. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that participants chose the gamble option more when options were presented as losses versus when they were presented as gains (a standard framing pattern). Overall, participants chose the gamble most at the lowest risk level (defined as the probability of the bad outcome in the gamble), and chose the gamble less often as the reward magnitude increased. This effect was qualified by a reward magnitude by age group interaction. The decreasing trend in choosing the gamble was found only for adults and adolescents. The decrease in choices of the gamble as magnitude differences increased (favoring the gamble) is further evidence for fuzzy-trace theory's explanation that standard framing results from gist-based processing in adults. Children's opposite trend, favoring larger outcomes in the gamble, is consistent with fuzzy-trace theory's developmental prediction that younger subjects would be more verbatim processors. Negative mood was found to increase verbatim processing, indicated by an increase in reverse framing (greater preference for the gamble in the gain frame than in the loss frame, the opposite of standard framing). Participants in neutral and positive moods showed the standard framing pattern. Decisions were not found to be influenced by the level of optimism.
Author: Steven Michael Estrada Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Risky decision making, and how it changes over the lifespan, is important for theory and public policy. Studies examining decision making from childhood through adolescence on to adulthood have rarely examined choice on the same task. However, this is crucial in order to fully understand the factors that affect decisions through development and to make defensible comparisons. A framing task was administered to groups of 2nd graders (n = 31), adolescents (n = 35), and adults (n = 41). Of interest is how factors affected choices between a sure option and an option that involved risk. In addition to choices, ratings were elicited on a 7-point smiley-face scale to indicate degree of preference. Factors that were examined include frame (gain, loss), risk (.5, .67, and .75), reward magnitude ( $5 , $20, and $150), induced and measured mood of the decision maker (positive, neutral, or negative), and the decision makers' optimism. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that participants chose the gamble option more when options were presented as losses versus when they were presented as gains (a standard framing pattern). Overall, participants chose the gamble most at the lowest risk level (defined as the probability of the bad outcome in the gamble), and chose the gamble less often as the reward magnitude increased. This effect was qualified by a reward magnitude by age group interaction. The decreasing trend in choosing the gamble was found only for adults and adolescents. The decrease in choices of the gamble as magnitude differences increased (favoring the gamble) is further evidence for fuzzy-trace theory's explanation that standard framing results from gist-based processing in adults. Children's opposite trend, favoring larger outcomes in the gamble, is consistent with fuzzy-trace theory's developmental prediction that younger subjects would be more verbatim processors. Negative mood was found to increase verbatim processing, indicated by an increase in reverse framing (greater preference for the gamble in the gain frame than in the loss frame, the opposite of standard framing). Participants in neutral and positive moods showed the standard framing pattern. Decisions were not found to be influenced by the level of optimism.
Author: Janis E. Jacobs Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1135633525 Category : Family & Relationships Languages : en Pages : 379
Book Description
In recent years, newspaper articles, television specials, and other media events have focused on the numerous hard decisions faced by today's youth, often pointing to teen pregnancy, drug use, and delinquency as evidence of faulty judgment. Over the past 10 years, many groups - including parents, educators, policymakers, and researchers - have become concerned about the decision-making abilities of children and adolescents, asking why they make risky choices, how they can be taught to be better decision makers, and what types of age-related changes occur in decision making. This book serves as a starting point for those interested in considering new ways of thinking about the development of these issues. The purpose is to bring together the voices of several authors who are conducting cutting-edge research and developing new theoretical perspectives related to the development of judgment and decision making. The Development of Judgment and Decision Making in Children and Adolescents is divided into three parts: Part I presents three distinctive developmental models that offer different explanations of "what develops" and the relative importance of different cognitive components and experiential components that may be important for developing judgment and decision making skills. Part II emphasizes the emotional, cultural, and social aspects of decision making--three topics that have been influential in the adult literature on judgment and decision making but are just beginning to be explored in the developmental area. Part III provides three examples of research that applies developmental and decision making models to practical research questions. This book is intended for the professional market or for graduate courses on decision making or cognitive or social development.
Author: Sachiko Donley Publisher: ISBN: 9780355308617 Category : Languages : en Pages : 144
Book Description
Compared to children and adults, adolescents make riskier choices and do so more often when in the presence of peers. Traditional cognitive explanations for adolescent behavior have failed to account for increases in risk-taking during this developmental period. More recent biopsychosocial models of adolescent risk-taking have emerged, highlighting the importance of not just cognitive but social and biological factors that contribute to adolescent risk-taking. Nonetheless, one biological system- the adolescent physiological stress system- has been understudied and may add to our understanding of adolescent risk-taking. More specifically, it may be that physiological stress makes adolescents vulnerable to making risky decisions by increasing their self-conscious affective states. These effects were hypothesized to be more pronounced after a stressful encounter with a peer, while being dampened after a stressful encounter with an adult.Sixty male adolescents aged 12 to 16 were randomly assigned to one of two Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) conditions. In the first condition, adolescents were evaluated by same aged peers, and in the second, adolescents were evaluated by adults. The manipulation of the age of evaluators in these two conditions was effective, with adolescents in the peer condition perceiving evaluators to be around 17 years old and adolescents in the adult condition perceiving evaluators to be around 31 years old. Throughout the experimental session, adolescents provided 4 whole saliva samples which were assayed for cortisol and alpha-amylase as markers of physiological stress response.No differences were found between the two TSST conditions regarding physiological stress response and risky decision-making. However, adolescents who were evaluated by adults reported more self-conscious affect compared to adolescents who were evaluated by peers. Additionally, adolescents who were more self-conscious experienced larger changes in salivary alpha-amylase. Although adolescence is a time of social orientation towards peers, the results of the current study illustrate that adults' negative evaluations are powerful and influence adolescents' emotions and physiology. These findings suggest the potential iatrogenic effects of negative adult evaluations in environments like classrooms and juvenile courtrooms.
Author: Maggie E. Toplak Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317265327 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 239
Book Description
Children face an overwhelming amount of information and a range of different choices every day, and so there has never been a more important time to understand how children learn to make judgments and decisions in our modern world. Individual Differences in Judgment and Decision-Making presents cutting-edge developmental research to advance our knowledge and understanding of how these competencies emerge. Focusing on the role of individual differences, the text provides a complementary theoretical approach to understanding the development of judgment and decision-making skills, and how and why these competencies vary within and between different periods of development. Sampling a diverse set of developmental paradigms and measures, as well as considering typical and atypically developing samples, this volume provokes thinking about how we can support our children and youth to help them make better choices. Drawing on the expertise of a range of international contributors, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of thinking and reasoning from both cognitive and developmental psychology backgrounds.
Author: Hyunyi Cho Publisher: SAGE Publications ISBN: 1483312194 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 377
Book Description
In this comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of risk communication, the field’s leading experts summarize theory, current research, and practice in a range of disciplines and describe effective communication approaches for risk situations in diverse contexts, such as health, environment, science, technology, and crisis. Offering practical insights, the contributors consider risk communication in all contexts and applications—interpersonal, organizational, and societal—offering a wider view of risk communication than other volumes. Importantly, the handbook emphasizes the communication side of risk communication, providing integrative knowledge about the models, audiences, messages, and the media and channels necessary for effective risk communication that enables informed judgments and actions regarding risk. Editors Hyunyi Cho, Torsten Reimer, and Katherine McComas have significantly contributed to the field of risk communication with this important reference work—a must-have for students, scholars, and risk and crisis communication professionals.
Author: Evan A. Wilhelms Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317652738 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 383
Book Description
This volume explores how and why people make judgments and decisions that have economic consequences, and what the implications are for human well-being. It provides an integrated review of the latest research from many different disciplines, including social, cognitive, and developmental psychology; neuroscience and neurobiology; and economics and business. The book has six areas of focus: historical foundations; cognitive consistency and inconsistency; heuristics and biases; neuroeconomics and neurobiology; developmental and individual differences; and improving decisions. Throughout, the contributors draw out implications from traditional behavioral research as well as evidence from neuroscience. In recent years, neuroscientific methods have matured, beyond being simply correlational and descriptive, into theoretical prediction and explanation, and this has opened up many new areas of discovery about economic behavior that are reviewed in the book. In the final part, there are applications of the research to cognitive development, individual differences, and the improving of decisions. The book takes a broad perspective and is written in an accessible way so as to reach a wide audience of advanced students and researchers interested in behavioral economics and related areas. This includes neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, clinicians, psychologists (developmental, social, and cognitive), economists and other social scientists; legal scholars and criminologists; professionals in public health and medicine; educators; evidence-based practitioners; and policy-makers.
Author: Valerie F. Reyna Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) ISBN: 9781433816628 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Whether the decision is to have unprotected sex, consent to surgery, have an extra piece of pie, or spend rather than save for retirement, risky decisions permeate our lives, and sometimes with disastrous consequences. How and why risk taking occurs has important implications. Yet many questions remain about how neurobiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors influence decision-making. This book advances basic understanding and scientific theory about the brain mechanisms underlying risky decision by integrating findings from a number of disciplines, including development and cognitive psychology, brain sciences, law, behavioral economic, and addiction. The result is a rich scientific framework for understanding the causal mechanisms of risky decision making across the lifespan. Book jacket.
Author: Patricia J. Bauer Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118590201 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 1745
Book Description
This all-embracing Handbook on the Development of Children’s Memory represents the first place in which critical topics in memory development are covered from multiple perspectives, from infancy through adolescence. Forty-four chapters are written by experienced researchers who have influenced the field. Edited by two of the world’s leading experts on the development of memory Discusses the importance of a developmental perspective on the study of memory The first ever handbook to bring together the world’s leading academics in one reference guide Each section has an introduction written by one of the Editors, who have also written an overall introduction that places the work in historical and contemporary contexts in cognitive and developmental psychology 2 Volumes
Author: Steven Michael Estrada
Author: Steven Michael Estrada
Author: Mindy J. Dahl
Author: Janis E. Jacobs
Author: Sachiko Donley
Author: Maggie E. Toplak
Author: Hyunyi Cho
Author: Evan A. Wilhelms
Author: Valerie F. Reyna
Author: Yasmina Okan
Author: Patricia J. Bauer