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Author: Bruno Miguel Gonçalves da Silva Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 986
Book Description
Hydraulic fracturing is a method used routinely in oil and gas exploitation and in engineered geothermal systems. While used frequently, there are aspects of hydraulic fracturing, such as the propagation of the newly-created fractures and interaction between natural and newly-created fractures, which are not well understood. Since data from field hydraulic stimulations may be difficult to obtain and interpret, laboratory testing and numerical modeling play a major role in understanding the hydraulically fracturing processes. A test setup was developed to simultaneously apply a vertical stress to rock specimens and a hydraulic pressure to pre-cut flaws with various geometries, leading to the initiation and propagation of new cracks. The test setup allowed one to obtain high-resolution and high-speed video images of the hydraulic fracturing processes and to monitor acoustic emissions in Barre granite specimens subjected to constant vertical stresses of 0 or 5 MPa. The imaging data were used to determine the mechanisms of development of the visible fractures produced during the tests. The acoustic emission data were used to estimate the mechanisms responsible for the development of micro-cracks. In order to understand the fracturing behavior of the hydraulically loaded rock specimens, particularly the effect of the ratio between the water pressure applied in the flaws (WP) and the vertical load applied to the specimen (VL), a finite element analysis was performed using the same loading conditions of the experiments. The experiments showed that most visible cracks observed were tensile and that the patterns of the hydraulic fractures produced were strongly dependent on the vertical load applied. They also showed that the water pressure necessary to propagate fractures is dependent on the vertical load and on the flaw geometry. The numerical analysis showed that the ratio WP/VL plays a crucial role in the magnitude and shape of the stress field around a flaw tip, and therefore in the location of tensile and shear fracture initiation. The study of micro-seismic events indicated that tensile and shear micro-cracks frequently developed before visible tensile cracks in the tests with no and 5 MPa of vertical load, respectively. The results presented improve the knowledge of the physical processes involved in the hydraulic fracturing of rocks.
Author: Bruno Miguel Gonçalves da Silva Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 986
Book Description
Hydraulic fracturing is a method used routinely in oil and gas exploitation and in engineered geothermal systems. While used frequently, there are aspects of hydraulic fracturing, such as the propagation of the newly-created fractures and interaction between natural and newly-created fractures, which are not well understood. Since data from field hydraulic stimulations may be difficult to obtain and interpret, laboratory testing and numerical modeling play a major role in understanding the hydraulically fracturing processes. A test setup was developed to simultaneously apply a vertical stress to rock specimens and a hydraulic pressure to pre-cut flaws with various geometries, leading to the initiation and propagation of new cracks. The test setup allowed one to obtain high-resolution and high-speed video images of the hydraulic fracturing processes and to monitor acoustic emissions in Barre granite specimens subjected to constant vertical stresses of 0 or 5 MPa. The imaging data were used to determine the mechanisms of development of the visible fractures produced during the tests. The acoustic emission data were used to estimate the mechanisms responsible for the development of micro-cracks. In order to understand the fracturing behavior of the hydraulically loaded rock specimens, particularly the effect of the ratio between the water pressure applied in the flaws (WP) and the vertical load applied to the specimen (VL), a finite element analysis was performed using the same loading conditions of the experiments. The experiments showed that most visible cracks observed were tensile and that the patterns of the hydraulic fractures produced were strongly dependent on the vertical load applied. They also showed that the water pressure necessary to propagate fractures is dependent on the vertical load and on the flaw geometry. The numerical analysis showed that the ratio WP/VL plays a crucial role in the magnitude and shape of the stress field around a flaw tip, and therefore in the location of tensile and shear fracture initiation. The study of micro-seismic events indicated that tensile and shear micro-cracks frequently developed before visible tensile cracks in the tests with no and 5 MPa of vertical load, respectively. The results presented improve the knowledge of the physical processes involved in the hydraulic fracturing of rocks.
Author: S. A. Shapiro Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521884578 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 299
Book Description
This book provides a quantitative introduction to the physics, application, interpretation, and hazard aspects of fluid-induced seismicity, focussing on spatio-temporal dynamics. Including many real data examples, this is a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students of geophysics, geomechanics and petrophysics, and a practical guide for petroleum geoscientists and engineers.
Author: Baotang Shen Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 303035525X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 579
Book Description
This book is the second edition of the well-known textbook Modelling Rock Fracturing Processes. The new and extended edition provides the theoretical background of rock fracture mechanics used for modelling of 2-D and 3-D geomechanics problems and processes. Fundamentals of rock fracture mechanics integrated with experimental studies of rock fracturing processes are highlighted. The computer programs FRACOD 2D and 3D are used to analyse fracture initiation and propagation for the three fracture modes: Mode I, II and III. Coupled fracture modelling with other continuous and distinct element codes including FLAC, PFC, RFPA, TOUGH are also described. A series of applications of fracture modelling with importance for modern society is presented and discussed by distinguished rock fracture modelling experts.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309253705 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 238
Book Description
In the past several years, some energy technologies that inject or extract fluid from the Earth, such as oil and gas development and geothermal energy development, have been found or suspected to cause seismic events, drawing heightened public attention. Although only a very small fraction of injection and extraction activities among the hundreds of thousands of energy development sites in the United States have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public, understanding the potential for inducing felt seismic events and for limiting their occurrence and impacts is desirable for state and federal agencies, industry, and the public at large. To better understand, limit, and respond to induced seismic events, work is needed to build robust prediction models, to assess potential hazards, and to help relevant agencies coordinate to address them. Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies identifies gaps in knowledge and research needed to advance the understanding of induced seismicity; identify gaps in induced seismic hazard assessment methodologies and the research to close those gaps; and assess options for steps toward best practices with regard to energy development and induced seismicity potential.
Author: Peter Niemz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are considered a cornerstone of future sustainable energy production. In such systems, high-pressure fluid injections break the rock to provide pathways for water to circulate in and heat up. This approach inherently induces small seismic events that, in rare cases, are felt or can even cause damage. Controlling and reducing the seismic impact of EGS is crucial for a broader public acceptance. To evaluate the applicability of hydraulic fracturing (HF) in EGS and to improve the understanding of fracturing processes and the hydromechanical relation to induced seismicity, six in-situ, meter-scale HF experiments with different injection schemes were performed under controlled conditions in crystalline rock in a depth of 410 m at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). I developed a semi-automated, full-waveform-based detection, classification, and location workflow to extract and characterize the acoustic emission (AE) activity from the continuous recordings of 11 piezoelectric AE sensors. Based on the resulting catalog of 20,000 AEs, with rupture sizes of cm to dm, I mapped and characterized the fracture growth in great detail. [...].
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309049962 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 568
Book Description
Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fracturesâ€"a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storageâ€"has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.
Author: James A. Jacobs Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119336112 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 921
Book Description
A guide to environmental and communication issues related to fracking and the best approach to protect communities Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations offers a much-needed resource that explores the complex challenges of fracking by providing an understanding of the environmental and communication issues that are inherent with hydraulic fracturing. The book balances the current scientific knowledge with the uncertainty and risks associated with hydraulic fracking. In addition, the authors offer targeted approaches for helping to keep communities safe. The authors include an overview of the historical development of hydraulic fracturing and the technology currently employed. The book also explores the risk, prevention, and mitigation factors that are associated with fracturing. The authors also include legal cases, regulatory issues, and data on the cost of recovery. The volume presents audit checklists for gathering critical information and documentation to support the reliability of the current environmental conditions related to fracking operations and the impact fracking can have on a community. This vital resource: Contains the technical information and mitigation recommendations for safety and environmental issues related to hydraulic fracturing Offers an historical overview of conventional and unconventional oil and gas drilling Explains the geologic and technical issues associated with fracking of tight sand and shale formulations Presents numerous case studies from the United States EPA and other agencies Discusses issues of co-produced waste water and induced seismicity from the injection of wastewater Written for environmental scientists, geologists, engineers, regulators, city planners, attorneys, foresters, wildlife biologists, and others, Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations offers a comprehensive resource to the complex environmental and communication issues related to fracking.
Author: Michael D. Holloway Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118747917 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
This book explores the history, techniques, and materials used in the practice of induced hydraulic fracturing, one of today's hottest topics, for the production of natural gas, while examining the environmental and economic impact. You can't squeeze blood from a turnip, but you can release trapped natural gas from rock. At least that is what is being accomplished now throughout North America. Natural gas that is primarily methane has been proven to be an excellent fuel source. It can be safely burned to create heat to power engines, boilers in factories and homes as well as powering turbines for generating electricity. Projections on natural gas volumes trapped underground suggest a nearly inexhaustible supply of this product. Yet with such abundance comes controversy. A popular and economical technique relies on the gas from subterranean sources and requires fracturing rock bed. This process is actually carried out naturally every day with water or magma. Magma may flow into rock beds superheating water to generate steam. The resulting pressure of the expanding water molecules can be so great, it can lift and separate thousands of tons of rock deep beneath the Earth's surface. This same practice can be carried out artificially (induced) using high-powered pumps and various liquid compounds. This technique combined with new horizontal directional drilling machines have enabled the harvest and distribution of natural gas. But at what cost? Does this practice contribute to greenhouse gas? Does it create earthquakes? Does it contaminate the groundwater supply? These are important issues surrounding hydraulic fracturing, and they are covered here in detail.
Author: Mark D. Zoback Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1107087074 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 495
Book Description
A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.
Author: Mohammad Hossein Azad Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The injection of fluids into the ground is undertaken in a number of engineering practices including hydraulic fracturing, liquid waste disposal, CO2 sequestration and extraction of geothermal heat (EGS). Study of mechanisms for slip on faults/natural fractures due to hydraulic fracturing is of great interest for the energy resource industry in view of efficiency of hydraulic fracturing, seismic monitoring and seismicity related safety hazards. In this thesis, semi-analytical approaches are applied to investigate physical processes associated with hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity and to develop a deeper understanding of the problem. The primary focus is on the modeling of initiation and growth of slip on a pre-existing fault/fracture due to interaction with a single propagating hydraulic (tensile mode) fracture. The first part of the thesis is concerned with the relationship between hydraulic fracturing injection into a fault and the possibility of a seismic slip. The results show that the nucleation of dynamic slip on a fault with slip-weakening friction is only weakly dependent on the magnitude of the stress perturbation ahead of the propagating hydraulic fracture (HF), or the HF propagation regime, and is mainly controlled by the hydraulic fracture length (i.e., the size of the fully unloaded fault segment at a given time). The growth of the fault slipping patch remains stable when the background shear stress is smaller than the residual fault strength under ambient conditions. Otherwise, nucleation of dynamic slip takes place when the hydraulic fracture grows to the critical size, which is vanishingly small for critically-stressed faults (i.e., when the background stress approaches the fault peak strength) and is diverging when the stability boundary is approached. In addition, no dynamic slip transients are predicted when background shear stress is less than the residual fault strength. In the second part of the thesis we examine the possibility of a microseismic slip on a natural fracture as a result of poromechanical interactions with an advancing hydraulic fracture. Nucleation of slip on the frictional fracture approached by the hydraulic fracture depends on the state of in-situ stresses, hydraulic fracture pressure, angle of approach and friction of the fracture. Slip instability, consistent with field observations, occurs on the critically stressed and favorably oriented strike-slip fracture. Nucleation takes place as the slipping patch reaches the critical length. Finally, we have studied nucleation of slip on a natural fracture crossed by a propagating hydraulic fracture. Slip initiates along the edge crack as the frictional strength drops due to increase in pore pressure by diffusion of fluid from the hydraulic fracture.
Author: Bruno Miguel Gonçalves da Silva
Author: Bruno Miguel Gonçalves da Silva
Author: S. A. Shapiro
Author: Baotang Shen
Author: National Research Council
Author: Peter Niemz
Author: National Research Council
Author: James A. Jacobs
Author: Michael D. Holloway
Author: Mark D. Zoback
Author: Mohammad Hossein Azad