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Author: W.S. Cooper Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400998201 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 264
Book Description
In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
Author: W.S. Cooper Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400998201 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 264
Book Description
In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
Author: Rudolf Carnap Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317830601 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 369
Book Description
This is IV volume of eight in a series on Philosophy of the Mind and Language. For nearly a century mathematicians and logicians have been striving hard to make logic an exact science. But a book on logic must contain, in addition to the formulae, an expository context which, with the assistance of the words of ordinary language, explains the formulae and the relations between them; and this context often leaves much to be desired in the matter of clarity and exactitude. Originally published in 1937, the purpose of the present work is to give a systematic exposition of such a method, namely, of the method of " logical syntax".
Author: Gerhard Preyer Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780199245550 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 534
Book Description
One of the central issues of analytic philosophy and especially the theory of language is the concept of logical form. As typically understood this concept covers investigations into universal logical features underlying languages. However, from Frege and Russell onwards logical form analysts were no longer confined to such narrow linguistic perspectives. For them, investigating the logical form of language took the wider philosophical perspective of trying to understand language as our principal means for representing the world. From Russell's theory of definite descriptions to Davidson's truth-theoretical analyses of adverbial modification, citation, and reported speech, to lay open the logical structures underlying language is seen as a way of revealing the structure and features of the thereby represented world. Seventeen specially written essays by eminent philosophers and linguists appear for the first time in this anthology. Logical Form and Language brings together exciting new contributions from diverse points of view, which illuminate the lively current debate about this topic.
Author: P.F. Strawson Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1351921509 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 210
Book Description
P.F. Strawson has been a major and influential spokesman for ordinary language philosophy throughout the late twentieth century, studying the relationship between common language and the language of formal logic. This reissue of his collection of early essays, Logico-Linguistic Papers, is published with a brand new introduction by Professor Strawson but, apart from minor corrections to the text, these classic essays remain original and intact. Logico-Linguistic Papers contains Strawson's major essay, 'On Referring', in which he disputed Bertrand Russell's theory of definite descriptions, distinguishing between referring to an entity and asserting its existence. The book contains twelve essays in all, grouped by subject matter. The first five are concerned with the topic of singular reference and predication and the last three are all responses to J.L. Austin's treatment of the topic of truth. Strawson disputes the correspondence theory of truth, maintaining that facts are what statements (when true) state. The remaining papers deal with meaning, speech acts, logical truth and Chomsky's views on syntax.
Author: Johan van der Auwera Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing ISBN: 9027250022 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 271
Book Description
In this volume Van der Auwera attempts to clarify the idea that language reflects both mind and reality and to elucidate the reflection idea by turning it into the cornerstone of a linguistic theory of meaning.
Book Description
In the Theory of Philosophical Consciencism, Professor Dompere establishes how Nkrumah used the theory of categorial conversion housing the necessary conditions of transformation to design strategies for creating the sufficient conditions for socio-political transformations. The theory of Philosophical Consciencism is about the institutionally destruction-creation process for socio-political transformation. The theory shows the scientific contributions of Nkrumah's thinking to the solution of the transformation problem in science and its application to social systemicity, where Nkrumah's analytical weapons were drawn from African conceptual system. The theory is developed as logico-mathematical foundations that guide the internal management of the command-control decision-choice systems for creative destruction of socio-political varieties in transformations through the development of qualitative mathematics making possible the construct of qualitative equations of motion for connecting varieties in qualitative transfers. The qualitative equations of motion through the Philosophical Consciencism constitute the sufficient conditions for transformations. The theory links rationality, intentionality, experiential information structure, defective-deceptive information structures in the control-dynamic games of power and dominance by the duals and poles under the principle of opposites with relational continua and unity relative to decision-choice systems that induce negation-negation transformations, where paths are established by the history of success-failure outcomes in the socially control-dynamic zero-sum games between the duals in any duality and between the poles of any actual-potential polarity. The main premise of the monograph is that there exists a set of sufficient conditions in support of the necessary conditions for internal transformation of socio-natural varieties. The theory is useful in understanding developmental processes and multi-polar-power zero-sum games for global dominance. The necessary conditions constitute the natural necessity that constrains cognitive freedom. The sufficient conditions constitute cognitive freedom that must overcome the necessity in socio-natural systems dynamics. Had this conceptual system been familiar to African leaders, the African transformation from colonialism to complete emancipation, rather than neocolonialism, would have been increasingly successful. This holds for those seeking triumph over injustices, oppression, imperialism and social change in all systems.
Author: W.S. Cooper
Author: W.S. Cooper
Author: Pranab Kumar Sen
Author: Richard M. Martin
Author: Rudolf Carnap
Author: Gerhard Preyer
Author: P.F. Strawson
Author: Esa Itkonen
Author: Florian Coulmas
Author: Johan van der Auwera
Author: Kofi Kissi Dompere