Author: Mikhail Lʹvovich AsaturovPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
Book Description
Formation of the Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Its Effect on the Heat Balance of the Earth
Author: Mikhail Lʹvovich AsaturovPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
Book Description
Formation of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer and Its Effect on the Heat Balance of the Earth
Author: M. L. AsaturovAerosols and Climate
Author: Ken S. CarslawPublisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128231726
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 856
Book Description
The ever-diversifying field of aerosol effects on climate is comprehensively presented here, describing the strong connection between fundamental research and model applications in a way that will allow both experienced researchers and those new to the field to gain an understanding of a wide range of topics. The material is consistently presented at three levels for each topic: (i) an accessible "quick read" of the essentials, (ii) a more detailed description, and (iii) a section dedicated to how the processes are handled in models. The modelling section in each chapter summarizes the current level of knowledge and what the gaps in this understanding mean for the effects of aerosols on climate, enabling readers to quickly understand how new research fits into established knowledge. Definitions, case studies, reference data, and examples are included throughout. Aerosols and Climate is a vital resource for graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, senior researchers, and lecturers in departments of atmospheric science, meteorology, engineering, and environment. It will also be of interest to those working in operational centers and policy-facing organizations, providing strong reference material on the current state of knowledge. Includes a section in each chapter that focuses on the treatment of relevant aerosol processes in climate models Provides clear exposition of the challenges in understanding and reducing persistent gaps in knowledge and uncertainties in the field of aerosol-climate interaction, going beyond the fundamentals and existing knowledge Authored by experts in modeling and aerosol processes, analysis or observations to ensure accessibility and balance
Climate Intervention
Author: National Research CouncilPublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309314852
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 276
Book Description
The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem is greenhouse gas emissions, and the fundamental solution is curbing those emissions. Climate geoengineering has often been considered to be a "last-ditch" response to climate change, to be used only if climate change damage should produce extreme hardship. Although the likelihood of eventually needing to resort to these efforts grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there is a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system. As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses albedo modification - changing the fraction of incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface. This approach would deliberately modify the energy budget of Earth to produce a cooling designed to compensate for some of the effects of warming associated with greenhouse gas increases. The prospect of large-scale albedo modification raises political and governance issues at national and global levels, as well as ethical concerns. Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth discusses some of the social, political, and legal issues surrounding these proposed techniques. It is far easier to modify Earth's albedo than to determine whether it should be done or what the consequences might be of such an action. One serious concern is that such an action could be unilaterally undertaken by a small nation or smaller entity for its own benefit without international sanction and regardless of international consequences. Transparency in discussing this subject is critical. In the spirit of that transparency, Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth was based on peer-reviewed literature and the judgments of the authoring committee; no new research was done as part of this study and all data and information used are from entirely open sources. By helping to bring light to this topic area, this book will help leaders to be far more knowledgeable about the consequences of albedo modification approaches before they face a decision whether or not to use them.
A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change
Author: Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate ChangePublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309588871
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Book Description
This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.
The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer
Author: R.C. WhittenPublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642817572
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 163
Book Description
It is now a quarter of a century since Junge and his coworkers recovered the first sample from the sulfate aerosol layer in the stratosphere. Since that time vast strides have been made in determining its physical properties and morphology. These investigations have been performed with instruments on board aircraft and balloon platforms as in the early days, with ground-based lidar (optical radar), and most recently with satellite-borne optical instruments. It will become evident in Chapter 2 that in situ measurements by aircI'aft and ,balloon sensors complement rather than duplicate the remote techniques (lidar and satellite). Hence future programs will probably continue to utilize direct as well as indirect experimental techniques. Concurrently, with the observations of the gross properties of the aerosol layer, la~oratory and theoretical studies have sought to elucidate the chemical and micro physical processes which influence the formation and growth of the aerosol par ticles. The laboratory investigations have included studies of gas phase chemistry, and particle nucleation and growth mechanisms. Theoretical studies have revolved mainly around a series of models developed by atmospheric scientists. The earliest of these models was constructed by Junge and his colleagues. With the advent of third- and fourth-generation computers, the capacity to solve the quite complex continuity equations whi~h govern particle formation, growth, and removal has ad vanced to the point where most of the particle properties can be simulated with reasonable confidence.
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Author: National Research CouncilPublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309133505
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Book Description
Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.
Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry
Author: Daniel J. JacobPublisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691001855
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
Atmospheric chemistry is one of the fastest growing fields in the earth sciences. Until now, however, there has been no book designed to help students capture the essence of the subject in a brief course of study. Daniel Jacob, a leading researcher and teacher in the field, addresses that problem by presenting the first textbook on atmospheric chemistry for a one-semester course. Based on the approach he developed in his class at Harvard, Jacob introduces students in clear and concise chapters to the fundamentals as well as the latest ideas and findings in the field. Jacob's aim is to show students how to use basic principles of physics and chemistry to describe a complex system such as the atmosphere. He also seeks to give students an overview of the current state of research and the work that led to this point. Jacob begins with atmospheric structure, design of simple models, atmospheric transport, and the continuity equation, and continues with geochemical cycles, the greenhouse effect, aerosols, stratospheric ozone, the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, smog, and acid rain. Each chapter concludes with a problem set based on recent scientific literature. This is a novel approach to problem-set writing, and one that successfully introduces students to the prevailing issues. This is a major contribution to a growing area of study and will be welcomed enthusiastically by students and teachers alike.
Stratospheric Aerosol and Its Main Deriver Over Equatorial Africa
Author: Milkessa GebeyehuPublisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659129353
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
Book Description
Atmospheric aerosols are liquid or solid particulate matters suspended in the air. They are highly populated in the lower atmosphere. However, the mid-atmosphere aerosols play significant roles in atmospheric science. Their distribution decreases with altitude. The sources of these particulate matters could be from anthropogenic or natural activities at the surface or within the atmosphere. The presence of these particulate matters in the Earth's atmosphere has significant impact (both positively and negatively) either directly or indirectly on human activities in particular and life on Earth in general. It is believed that carbonyl sulfide and sulfur dioxide are the main precursor gases for the formation of stratospheric aerosol layer. Atmospheric OCS is known to be the highest among the background aerosol sources due to its long atmospheric life time. The transport of this gas from troposphere to the stratosphere occurs mainly through the tropical tropopause. In the stratosphere, its photo-oxidation produces sulfur dioxide which latter converted to the background aerosol of hydrated sulfuric acid. This is the cause of acid rain which results in deforestation and climate change.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change
Author: Rolf Müller (physicien.)Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1849730024
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
In recent years, several new concepts have emerged in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion, creating a need for a concise in-depth publication covering the ozone-climate issue. This monograph fills that void in the literature and gives detailed treatment of recent advances in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion. It puts particular emphasis on the coupling between changes in the ozone layer and atmospheric change caused by a changing climate. The book, written by leading experts in the field, brings the reader the most recent research in this area and fills the gap between advanced textbooks and assessments.