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Author: Daniel G. Wroble Publisher: ISBN: Category : Actuators Languages : en Pages : 121
Book Description
Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) are seen as the future actuation technology for next-generation, energy-optimized aircraft. Implementation into primary flight control entails many challenges and requires much research, development, and experience to prove the technology's robustness and maturity. Operation of multiple actuators on a control surface introduces a phenomenon known as force fight, where instead of equally sharing load they behave unequally or oppose each other. Force fight is well studied for hydraulic actuation systems, but limited research has been done on EMAs. The purpose of this thesis is to study force fight experimentally between two X-38 EMAs in a passive spring loaded dual EMA test rig. Static and dynamic analytical models of the test setup were created to assist the force fight study. The command to both EMAs was a 1-Hz, 5-degree-amplitude sine wave of ten cycles. Known force fight conditions of position lag, gain, and offset errors were introduced to each EMA in turn and the impacts of each condition were examined in terms of force difference and energy consumption. Torque, rotation, voltage, current, and power were measured from the test stand along with EMA controller position and current monitors for data analysis. Energy demand of the EMAs was calculated from the integral of the mechanical and electrical power. The force difference impact also was analyzed utilizing the maximum and minimum force difference as recorded on the torque cells. It was shown that all three cases, lag, gain, and offset, resulted in significant force fight between the two EMAs expressed as force difference. The magnitude of force fight was a linear function of the magnitude of the errors. In addition, both the gain and offset errors caused significant increase in total electrical energy demand, the larger the gain or offset, the higher the electrical energy demand, while the lag errors showed slight electrical energy increase. It also was shown that mechanical energy difference between the two EMAs did not increase noticeably with the increase of the errors for the gain and offset cases, while the lag test showed a significant amount of mechanical energy difference between the two EMAs. Lastly, the model prediction of the maximum and minimum force fight was shown in good agreement with the experimental test results and, therefore, it is believed that the models could serve as a tool to analyze force fight scenarios that are outside the capability of the test rig.
Author: Daniel G. Wroble Publisher: ISBN: Category : Actuators Languages : en Pages : 121
Book Description
Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) are seen as the future actuation technology for next-generation, energy-optimized aircraft. Implementation into primary flight control entails many challenges and requires much research, development, and experience to prove the technology's robustness and maturity. Operation of multiple actuators on a control surface introduces a phenomenon known as force fight, where instead of equally sharing load they behave unequally or oppose each other. Force fight is well studied for hydraulic actuation systems, but limited research has been done on EMAs. The purpose of this thesis is to study force fight experimentally between two X-38 EMAs in a passive spring loaded dual EMA test rig. Static and dynamic analytical models of the test setup were created to assist the force fight study. The command to both EMAs was a 1-Hz, 5-degree-amplitude sine wave of ten cycles. Known force fight conditions of position lag, gain, and offset errors were introduced to each EMA in turn and the impacts of each condition were examined in terms of force difference and energy consumption. Torque, rotation, voltage, current, and power were measured from the test stand along with EMA controller position and current monitors for data analysis. Energy demand of the EMAs was calculated from the integral of the mechanical and electrical power. The force difference impact also was analyzed utilizing the maximum and minimum force difference as recorded on the torque cells. It was shown that all three cases, lag, gain, and offset, resulted in significant force fight between the two EMAs expressed as force difference. The magnitude of force fight was a linear function of the magnitude of the errors. In addition, both the gain and offset errors caused significant increase in total electrical energy demand, the larger the gain or offset, the higher the electrical energy demand, while the lag errors showed slight electrical energy increase. It also was shown that mechanical energy difference between the two EMAs did not increase noticeably with the increase of the errors for the gain and offset cases, while the lag test showed a significant amount of mechanical energy difference between the two EMAs. Lastly, the model prediction of the maximum and minimum force fight was shown in good agreement with the experimental test results and, therefore, it is believed that the models could serve as a tool to analyze force fight scenarios that are outside the capability of the test rig.
Author: Mirko Mazzoleni Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030617998 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
This book presents recent results on fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of airborne electromechanical actuators, illustrating both algorithmic and hardware design solutions to enhance the reliability of onboard more electric aircraft. The book begins with an introduction to the current trends in the development of electrically powered actuation systems for aerospace applications. Practical examples are proposed to help present approaches to reliability, availability, maintainability and safety analysis of airborne equipment. The terminology and main strategies for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring are then reviewed. The core of the book focuses on the presentation of relevant case studies of fault diagnosis and monitoring design for airborne electromechanical actuators, using different techniques. The last part of the book is devoted to a summary of lessons learned and practical suggestions for the design of fault diagnosis solutions of complex airborne systems. The book is written with the idea of providing practical guidelines on the development of fault diagnosis and monitoring algorithms for airborne electromechanical actuators. It will be of interest to practitioners in aerospace, mechanical, electronic, reliability and systems engineering, as well as researchers and postgraduates interested in dynamical systems, automatic control and safety-critical systems. Advances in Industrial Control reports and encourages the transfer of technology in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of new work in all aspects of industrial control.
Author: Lijian Wang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
On the way to more electric aircraft (MEA), more and more power-by-wire (PBW) actuators are involved in the flight control system. For a hybrid redundant actuation system composed by the conventional hydraulically powered actuators and the PBW actuators, one major issue while they operate on active/active mode is the force fighting between channels. As the grave influence of force fighting on accelerating material fatigue and increasing power consumption,it must be addressed with attention. This thesis was aiming at proposing some effective force equalization control strategies for the hybrid actuation system involving one servo-hydraulic actuator (SHA) and one electro-mechanical actuator (EMA). For this objective, the position controllers for SHA and EMA were designed and validated as a first step. Then, a virtual test bench regarding to the realistic behaviors was built in the AMESim simulation environment to accelerate the controller design and enable the robustness study. Following this, 2 static force equalization control strategies were proposed and experimentally validated. The first strategy hat introduced integral force fighting signal to compensate the actuator position control was proved a good candidate solution. In the next part, 3 dynamic force equalization strategies were proposed and assessed on the virtual test bench. Their performance sensitivities to the parameter uncertainties were studied through Monte-Carlo method. The first strategy that introduced velocity and acceleration feed-forwards to force the SHA and EMA having similar pursuit dynamics showed a good force equalization performance as well as good segregation and good robustness. In the end, the work presented in thesis was concluded and perspective was given to the ongoing work.
Author: Ian K Jennions Publisher: SAE International ISBN: 0768080673 Category : Transportation Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) is a relatively new subject, with its roots back in the space sector of the early 1990s. Although many of the papers written around that time did not refer to it as IVHM, the fundamental principles of considering an integrated end-to-end system to monitor the overall health of the asset were clearly visible. As the subject of Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) and its associated technologies have grown up, businesses are making the transformation from selling a product to selling a service. This can be viewed as a positive disruption, as a relatively small technology breakthrough is being brought to market for a large business benefit. The sequence “sense—acquire—transfer—analyze—act “ feeds the information (processed data) on the asset’s health into the Operations or Management control center. Here, decisions can be made on maintenance actions with knowledge of the supply chain status, MRO loading, etc., provided by Maintenance and Logistics systems. Undoubtedly, a much more efficient and economical modus operandi. This book brings together a collection of twenty –two SAE International Technical papers on this very theme, organized according to specific areas of interest: • Engines • Airframes • Electrical Power Systems • Supporting Systems • Architecture They were selected by Dr. Ian K. Jennions, Director of IVHM Center at Cranfield University, in the UK. Dr. Jennions was also the editor of three other books on Integrated Vehicle Health Management, published by SAE International: • IVHM: Perspectives on an Emerging Field • IVHM: Business Case Theory and Practice • IVHM: The Technology
Author: Luigi Fortuna Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9813227257 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 147
Book Description
This book focuses on a class of uncertain systems that are called imperfect, and shows how much systems can regularly work if an appropriate control strategy is adopted. Along with some practical well studied examples, a formalization of the models for imperfect system is considered and a control strategy is proposed. Experimental case studies on electromechanical systems are also included.New concepts, experimental innovative circuits and laboratory details allow the reader to implement at low cost the outlined strategy. Emergent topics in nonlinear device realization are emphasized with the aim to allow researchers and students to perform experiments with large scale electromechanical systems. Moreover, the possibility of using imperfections and noise to generate nonlinear strange behavior is discussed.
Author: Peter L. Reece Publisher: Nova Publishers ISBN: 9781600211072 Category : Architecture Languages : en Pages : 306
Book Description
"Smart" materials respond to environmental stimuli with particular changes in some variables. For that reason they are often also called responsive materials. Depending on changes in some external conditions, "smart" materials change either their properties (mechanical, electrical, appearance), their structure or composition, or their functions. Mostly, "smart" materials are embedded in systems whose inherent properties can be favourably changed to meet performance needs. Smart materials and structures have widespread applications in: 1. Materials science: composites, ceramics, processing science, interface science, sensor/actuator materials, chiral materials, conducting and chiral polymers, electrochromic materials, liquid crystals, molecular-level smart materials, biomaterials. 2. Sensing and actuation: electromagnetic, acoustic, chemical and mechanical sensing and actuation, single-measurand sensors, multiplexed multimeasurand distributed sensors and actuators, sensor/actuator signal processing, compatibility of sensors and actuators with conventional and advanced materials, smart sensors for materials and composites processing. 3. Optics and electromagnetics: optical fibre technology, active and adaptive optical systems and components, tunable high-dielectric phase shifters, tunable surface control. 4. Structures: smart skins for drag and turbulence control, other applications in aerospace/hydrospace structures, civil infrastructures, transportation vehicles, manufacturing equipment, repairability and maintainability. 5. Control: structural acoustic control, distributed control, analogue and digital feedback control, real-time implementation, adaptive structure stability, damage implications for structural control. 6. Information processing: neural networks, data processing, data visualisation and reliability. This book presents leading new research from around the globe in this field.
Author: Jean-Charles Maré Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119407184 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 205
Book Description
This book is the second in a series of volumes which cover the topic of aerospace actuators following a systems-based approach. This second volume brings an original, functional and architectural vision to more electric aerospace actuators. The aspects of signal (Signal-by-Wire) and power (Power-by-Wire) are treated from the point of view of needs, their evolution throughout history, and operational solutions that are in service or in development. This volume is based on an extensive bibliography, numerous supporting examples and orders of magnitude which refer to flight controls and landing gear for various aircraft (fixed or rotorwing, launchers) in commercial, private and military applications. The topics covered in this set of books constitute a significant source of information for individuals and engineers from a variety of disciplines, seeking to learn more about aerospace actuation systems and components.
Author: Daniel G. Wroble
Author: Daniel G. Wroble
Author: Mirko Mazzoleni
Author: Lijian Wang
Author: 
Author: 
Author: Ian K Jennions
Author: Luigi Fortuna
Author: G. E. Tagge
Author: Peter L. Reece
Author: Jean-Charles Maré